DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Outline
- "Why Database?"
- Information Management Systems
- File Processing vs. Database Processing
vs. ERP Systems
- Database Definitions
- Sources of DBMS Development
- Brief History of DBMS
- Advantages of DB Processing
- Disadvantages of DB Processing
- Major Functions of a DBMS
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
"Why Database ?"
- Recognition that data are an important
corporate asset and that a DBMS is an appropriate tool
for effective use and protection
- Requirement for flexibility and adaptability
- Need to share data resources within the organization
- Desire to improve productivity of both the company's
users and its programmers
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
File Processing Systems
Accounting Information Systems
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
File Processing Systems
Production Information Systems
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Database Processing Systems
Business Functional Area Systems
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
ERP Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Information Mgmt. Systems
- File Processing Vs. Database Processing Vs. ERP
(Enterprise Resource Planning) Processing
- In File Processing Systems:
- Data is partitioned into separate
files with different formats
- Each application has its own separate
program
- In Database Processing Systems:
- Data is integrated into a central
database with common format
- Each application has its own separate
program
- In ERP Processing Systems:
- Data is integrated into a central
database with common format
- All applications are integrated
into one (huge) coordinated system
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Database Definitions
Bit
Byte = Character
Field
Record
File
Database
- A database is a self-describing
collection of integrated files.
A DBMS is a complex computer program that
acts as a data librarian, supervising the transfer of data between
the end user and the database.
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Sources of DBMS Development
- Hardware vendors -- to stimulate sales of mainframe
computers and related equipment
- IBM: IMS, SQL/DS, DB2
- HP: Image, Allbase
- GE / Honeywell: IDS
- DEC: DBMS-10, RDB
- Sperry: DMS 1100
- University and government labs --
as part of technical research projects
- UC, Berkley: INGRES
- Univ. of Texas: TDMS, System 2000
(Intel Corp.)
- NASA: GUAM (IBM), RIM (Boeing Aerospace)
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Sources of DBMS Development
- Software houses and computing service companies
-- as their primary business
- Cullinet Software: IDMS (mainframe)
- Oracle Corp.: Oracle (originally,
minicomputer)
- Ashton-Tate: dBase (microcomputer)
- Microrim: R:BASE
- Borland: Paradox
- Microsoft: Access
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Brief History of DBMS
1964: NASA's Apollo moon project led to the development of
GUAM (Generalized Update Access Method) by IBM
1966: IBM released the first commercially avail-able DBMS
- IMS (Information Management System) based on the hierarchical
data model
1967: GE developed IDS (Integrated Data System) based on the
network data model; later, Honeywell produced IDS-2
1969: CODASYL Database Task Group Report set standards for
network database products
1970: Dr. E. F. Codd, IBM researcher, proposed the relational
data model in theoretical paper
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Brief History of DBMS
1970s: Proliferation of hierarchical and network model products
and installations
1976: IBM (San Jose Research Lab) developed a relational model
prototype - System R
1977: Larry Ellison founded Oracle Corp.
1981: IBM released first commercially available DB product
based on the relational model - SQL/DS (Structured Query Language
/ Data System) for its mainframes (interactive OS)
1981: IBM brought PCs to market
1981: Ashton-Tate released dBase II for micros
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Brief History of DBMS
1982: IBM produced DB2 (SQL-based) for its mainframes with
batch operating system
1983: Microrim created R:BASE based on NASA's mainframe product
RIM using SQL
1985: ANSI adopted SQL as the query language standard
1987: Borland produced Paradox
1991: Borland bought Ashton-Tate (dBase)
1992: Microsoft bought Fox Pro Software
1993: Microsoft released Access
1994: SAP R/3 for client/server environment
1996: Chico State becomes SAP's first university partner
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Advantages
- More information from the same data
- Due to integration of files
- Reduction of data duplication
- Yields data consistency
- Eases database maintenance
- Improved data integrity
- Through the use of data integrity
rules and naming standards
- Programs are independent of the
data format
- Yields flexibility when modifications
are needed
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Advantages
- Better service to business users
- New and one-time requests can be
accommodated
- Customized, menu-driven interfaces
can be easily developed
- Sharing of data resources
- Concurrent access to the data is
provided to multiple users
- Increased productivity of IS personnel
- 4th generation languages (4GLs)
- Application code generators
- Natural language processors (with some products)
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Disadvantages
- DBMS software can be expensive
- Additional hardware often required
- Faster CPU
- More memory and disk space
- High impact of failure
- Due to centralization and non-duplication
of data
- Sophisticated design and programming
required
- Need experienced MIS staff
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Disadvantages
- Additional user training may be needed
- Due to added system capabilities
- Backup and recovery are more difficult
- Due to concurrency and complexity
- Security is more critical and complicated
- Due to shared usage of central database
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview of DB Processing
Major Functions of a DBMS
- Define and store the DB structure (schema)
- Load the initial database data
- Provide a variety of access methods
- Maintain the DB: add, modify, delete
data
- Provide multiple views of the data
- Provide security features
- Facilitate backup and recovery