Biology 216 - Exam #2 Study Questions
1. Discuss some detail about the following as virulence factors:
attachment, capsules, 3 mechanisms of intracellular survival,
exotoxins and endotoxin.
Diagram the mechanism of action for ADP-ribosylating toxins.
What are 4 symptoms from endotoxin and the proposed
mechanism for each.
Describe and give a specific example for each
of the following types of immunity:
Natural active, Artificial active, Natural passive,
Artificial passive
2. Compare whole cell killed, attenuated, and
component vaccines with respect to
potential side effects, dangers, & dosage.
Give a specific example for each.
Discuss a strategy for deriving a live attenuated
vaccine for cholera.
3. Define and give a specific example for each of the following:
protective antigen, toxoid, vaccine serotypes, adjuvant
4. What are the childhood bacterial vaccines given
routinely in the US?
5. Define and give a specific example for each of the following:
endogenous disease, opportunistic pathogen,
intoxication
6. What are the major normal flora in the following
anatomical locations?
throat, small intestine,
large intestine, skin, blood, lung
7. Describe experiments which have implicated
Streptococcus mutans in dental caries.
8. Define and discuss significance of: Dextran sucrase,
gingivitis, gnotobiotic mice,
9. Describe the progressive steps from health gums to
ulcerative gingivitis and bloodstream invasion by anaerobes.
10. Define: pyogenic, superantigen (and mechanism of action),
catalase, coagulase, mannitol salts (and its application),
MRSA suppurative infection, sty, impetigo, phage typing,
plasmid typing, debridement, nosocomial, iatrogenic.
11. What is Staph Protein A? Design a fluorescent antibody
test to determine whether Chlamydia are
present in a vaginal exudate using
Protein A as a reagent.
12. Describe unique diseases associated with:
Staphylococcus epidermitis and S. saprophyticus
13. Design kit tests to identify S. aureus based upon detection of:
Protein A on the surface, Coagulase on the surface.
14. Describe the mechanism of action, diseases, and
symptoms associated with:
Staph exfoliative toxin, Staph toxic shock toxin,
Staph enterotoxin
15. Describe experiments which implicated S. aureus
with toxic shock syndrome.
Describe experiments which implicated toxic
shock toxin as the major cause of symptoms.
16. Describe Streptococcal suppurative
and non-suppurative diseases.
17. Define and discuss the significance of:
3 types of hemolysis, Lancefield serogrouping,
Streptolysin O, DNaseB, M-protein, erythrogenic toxin
and scarlet fever, cervical lymphadenopathy,
rheumatogenic M-types.
18. What diseases are associated with the following Streptococci?
Group B, Group D Enterococci, alpha hemolytic strept,
19. Describe the pathogenesis (infection,
host response and damage) for:
Strept skin infections, Strept throat,
Strept Toxic shock syndrome
20. Design a kit test (include how to extract the
group carbohydrate)
to identify the serogroup of a streptococcal isolate.
21. Compare acute rheumatic fever and
acute glomerulonephritis with respect to:
diagnosis, proposed mechanism of pathogenesis,
type of strept infection it follows 21. Compare acute rheumatic fever and
acute glomerulonephritis with respect to:
diagnosis, proposed mechanism of pathogenesis,
type of strept infection it follows
Precisely how is each treated, and prevented?
22. Define: Acute rheumatic fever, scarlet fever,
acute glomerulonephritis,
M-protein, rheumatogenic and nephritogenic M-types
23. Define septic and aseptic meningitis.
Compare severity, causes, CSF findings.
Describe several routes that bacteria may
travel to get to the meninges.
24. What is the primary organism responsible
for meningitis in each of the following age
groups: Newborn, 1 - 2 year old, elderly
25. Why are antiinflammatory drugs often given during
antibiotic treatment of meningits?
26. What is the major virulence factor
for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Describe the vaccine for S. pneumoniae.
Name 2 shortcomings of the current S. pneumonie vaccine.
Name several groups who should receive this vaccine.
Describe the pathogenesis which is occurring during the
3 major stages of bacterial pneumonia
(edema, consolidation, resolution)
27. Describe a "good" sputum specimen, that is,
what does it look like microscopically?
Why is a "good" sputum specimen necessary
for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia.
28. Define: lobar pneumonia, IgAase,
alpha and beta hemolysis,
otitis media, non-gonococcal urethritis
29. Compare and give an example of:
Exogenous and endogenous disease.
30. Describe the symptoms for each of the following STDs:
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, Genital herpes,
AIDS, non-specific vaginosis
Which are strictly "local" and which are "systemic" infections?
Which are treatable with antibiotics?
How is each diagnosed in lab?
31. Define: Oxidase test, IgAase,
disseminated gonococcal isolate, auxotroph,
gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
(and how is it prevented), conjunctivitis,
intrathecal, glucocorticosteroids,
32. What diseases are associated with: Moraxella, Pasteurella.
Are they exogenous or endogenous diseases?
How is the one which is exogenous transmitted?
33. What is the significance of gonococcal colony types 1,2,3,4,5?
Describe the basic pathogenesis of uncomplicated
and complicated gonorrhea in males and females.
Discuss the following approaches to diagnosis of gonorrhea
(include strengths and limitations):
Direct gram stain; culture; DNA probes; serology
Discuss impediments to developing gonorrhea vaccines.
List 3 major problems with controlling
epidemic levels of gonorrhea.
34. What is the major virulence factor for Neisseria meningitidis?
What are 2 major problems with the current
vaccine to this organism?
Discuss at least 2 strategies to overcome
the problems with this vaccine.
What role does LPS play in the pathogenesis
of disease by this organism?
Describe how the meningococcus gets to the meninges.
What are the major treatment strategies for
meningitis by this organism?
35. Define: X and V factor, satellite colonies, bile soluble,
epiglottitis (and the major cause), pink eye,
reservoir vs zoonosis (give an example of each).
36. Describe non-specific vaginosis: etiology,
symptoms, diagnosis, significance.
37. Describe development of the
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.
What age groups is it given to, and why?
38. Define: prefix "Entero",
microaerophilic vs aerotolerant, checkerboard matrix,
serotyping, Enterobacteriaceae (family)
39. Name 2 gastrointestinal diseases which are "intoxications".
40. What are four primary media often used for fecal specimens?
What is the purpose for each?
Give one specific example for each?
41. What are the principles behind each of the following laboratory tests:
TSI, ONPG, IMViC,
decarboxylase test (what control is run?),
phenylalanine deaminase, urease.