Biology 216 - Final Study Questions
1. Describe the three stages of lyme disease and syphilis. 
	Describe how the etiology of lyme disease was worked out.
	What is the number 1 tick-borne disease in the US?
	What cell-type are Borrelia and Treponema thought to persist in?
	How does one screen ticks for Borrelia?
	What percent of ticks carry Borrelia on the east coast vs west coast?
		What is the likely reason for this difference?
	How can one prevent lyme disease? Is there a good vaccine? 
		What is it?
2. Define: Dermacentor, Ixodes, 
	erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), 
	congenital syphilis (and effects on the fetus), 
3. Give an example of one non-treponemal and 
	one treponemal test for syphilis.
	Is there a vaccine for syphilis?
	How is Treponema pallidum cultured in the lab?
	What is "therapeutic shock" from treatment of syphilis?
4. Describe the general symptoms and pathogenesis 
		of Rickettsial diseases.
	Pick one Rickettsial disease and describe: 
		etiology, symptoms, pathogenesis
		and vector.
	How do Rickettsia survive inside phagocytic cells?
	What is Q-fever? How is it transmitted?
5. Name at least 5 organisms that must be killed 
	by pasteurization of milk.
6. Describe the life cycle of Chlamydial organisms.
	How is diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci different 
		than diagnosis of C. trachomatis? Why?
	Compare transmission of the species of Chlamydia.
	Describe the diseases: Non-gonococcal urethritis, 
		trachoma, psittacosis. 
7. Define: Elementary body, reticulate body, inclusion body, 
	atypical/walking pneumonia, cold agglutinins, 
8. Why is ampicillin not prescribed for walking pneumonia?
	Describe the general symptoms of walking pneumonia 
		and why it would be suspected.
	Why do Mycoplasma require cholesterol? 
9. Compare: Legionaire's disease and Pontiac Fever. 
	How are they transmitted? What is the seasonal 
		incidence of Legionaire's disease?
	Why was it difficult to determine the cause of the original 
		Legionaire's disease outbreak?
	How does L. pneumophila survive inside phagocytic cells?
10. Discuss the old and new vaccines for whooping cough.
	Why did the old vaccine require type 1 Bordetella cells?
	How is whooping cough transmitted?
	Describe the 3 stages of whooping cough.
11. Compare the following 2 terms used to describe 
	diagnostic tests:
	Sensitivity vs specificity.
12. Describe the following animal models: burn mouse, 
	hemagglutination, ileal loop 
13. Describe the following types of mice: Gnotobiotic, nude, 
	inbred, knockout, transgenic.
14. Apply the following 4 approaches to determine 
	the role of Proteus vulgaris type 1 pili 
	in cystitis: Survey, biochemical purification, 
	genetics, immunological (in vivo)
15. Describe how cholera toxin was first discovered, 
	purified, molecular structure analyzed,
	and mechanism of action determined.
16. Define: Epidemic, endemic, pandemic, epizootic,
	 morbiditiy, mortality, fatality, 
	biotyping, antibiogram, serotyping, 
	plasmid and phage typing.
17. Be able to interpret whether the pattern of
	 infection over time indicates a 
	communicable (secondary cases) 
	or non-communicable disease.
18. Define: Sterilization pasteurization, disinfection, 
	phenol coefficient, surfactant,
	quaternary ammonium compound, 
19. Describe the following methods of sterilization, 
	limitations, and when they are used:
	Radiation, uv light, dry heat, moist heat, filtration, 
	chlorine, iodine, aldehydes,
	ethylene oxide.
20. Describe the following diagnostic tests and
	 one example of an application in medical bacteriology:
	Microscan microtiter, BACTEC, PCR, DNA hybridization,
21. Define: Quality control in a diagnostic lab, 
	limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, 
22. Describe general processing and most probable 
	pathogen for the following infections:
	Urinary tract, upper respiratory tract, genital tract, 
	fecal, blood, wound, CSF.
 
Journal Reports (2001):
Ryan - Anthrax edema factor (EF) is an adenylate cyclase that 
causes chloride secretion by affected cells. How was uptake of EF 
by cell culture cells quantified?  
 
Leah - Why are microspheres being considered as a way of delivering 
vaccines?
 
Sally - What is Western blotting and how was it used to characterize 
mutants of Bacillus anthracis toxins PA, LF and EF?
 
Joanne - If you have isolated a typical non pathogenic and a 
uropathogenic E. coli, how could you clone DNA unique to the 
uropathogenic strain?
 
Jennifer - What is the rationale behind developing DNA 
vaccines for TB? How do they work? 
 
Matt - What are several explanations why different results 
may be observed with in vitro vs in vivo experiments on Helicobacter?
 
Peter - What are archaeosomes and how have they been proposed to be 
used for vaccine delivery?
 
Tim - Enterococcal aggregation substance (AS) has been proposed to 
facilitate intracellular survival. Discuss how this hypothesis was 
tested.
 
Harmony - What strategy was suggested for blocking attachment of 
Porphyromonas in the oral cavity?