Philosophy Course Offerings
Please see the section on "Course Description Symbols and Terms" in The University Catalog for an explanation of course description terminology and symbols, the course numbering system, and course credit units. All courses are lecture and discussion and employ letter grading unless otherwise stated. Some prerequisites may be waived with faculty permission. Many syllabi are available on the Chico Web.
| PHIL | 101 | Introduction to Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An introduction to philosophical thought and skills. Issues that traditionally have been of central importance in philosophical inquiry, such as the nature of knowledge, reality, and values, will be emphasized. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 003. CAN PHIL 2.
| PHIL | 101H | Introduction to Philosophy <197> Honors | 3.0 Spring |
Prerequisites: Acceptance into the Honors Program.
A special section of PHIL 101 open only to students with demonstrated academic talent. Interested students should consult with the university Honors Adviser. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 003H.
| PHIL | 102 | Logic and Critical Thinking | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A practical course in clear thinking and sound reasoning, which includes training in recognizing and avoiding the most commonly made mistakes in reasoning. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 002. CAN PHIL 6.
| PHIL | 102E | Logic and Critical Thinking <197> ESL | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: For Students with English as a Second Language.
A special section of Logic and Critical Thinking open only to students with English as a Second Language. Interested students should consult with international evaluations. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 002E.
| PHIL | 102H | Logic and Critical Thinking <197> Honors | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Acceptance into the Honors Program.
A special section of Logic and Critical Thinking open only to students with demonstrated academic talent. Interested students should consult with the university Honors Adviser. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 002H.
| PHIL | 104 | Personal Values | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An examination of various moral theories and their application to contemporary moral issues. The role of morality in everyday life will be explored. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 007. CAN PHIL 4.
| PHIL | 105 | Persons and Society | 3.0 Inquire |
A philosophical study of alternative ideas about the nature and structure of the person in urban and industrialized societies. Formerly PHIL 004A.
| PHIL | 106 | Philosophy and Third World Societies | 3.0 Inquire |
A philosophical examination of some of the beliefs, values, and social and political institutions of the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Formerly PHIL 004B.
| PHIL | 107 | Human Existence | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Philosophical interpretations of the human condition as reflected in and affected by modern developments in the arts, science, society, and philosophy. The course covers modern approaches to freedom, consciousness, subjectivity, language, history, alienation, power, and creativity. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 013.
| PHIL | 108 | Philosophical Methods | 3.0 Fall |
The course provides students intensive training to think, read, and write as clearly and as philosophically as they can be trained to do. One important philosophical problem is used as the sample problem. Students write a short weekly essay and have class discussions of their essays as well as of the reading material. Formerly PHIL 119.
| PHIL | 201 | History of Ancient Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Western philosophical thought from the pre-Socratics through Stoicism, including movements and figures such as Atomism, Plato, Aristotle, and Epicureanism. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 100A.
| PHIL | 202 | Philosophy East and West | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A philosophical analysis of major ideas in Chinese, Japanese, and Indian thought and their relationship to basic philosophical developments in the west. This is an approved General Education course. This is an approved Non-Western course. Formerly PHIL 102.
| PHIL | 203 | Existentialism | 3.0 Fall |
An examination of existentialism from Kierkegaard and Nietzsche to Sartre, and Marcel. An analysis of the basic forces, concepts, and figures which have shaped existentialism. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 122.
| PHIL | 204 | Reason and Religion | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Philosophical analysis of various approaches to the problems of religious belief, such as faith and knowledge, the existence and nature of God, immortality, and the problem of evil. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 117.
| PHIL | 205 | Philosophy of the Fine Arts | 3.0 Inquire |
The study of aesthetic values and judgments, emphasizing such topics as creativity and the art object, with reference to works of architecture, painting, sculpture, music, and literature. Formerly PHIL 118.
| PHIL | 301 | Medieval Philosophy | 3.0 Inquire |
Origins and development of medieval philosophy, centering on its central themes as presented by Plotinus, St. Augustine, Proclus, John Scotus Erigena, Alfarabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Roger Bacon, St. Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. Formerly PHIL 101.
| PHIL | 302 | History of Modern Philosophy | 3.0 Fall |
Western philosophical thought from the Renaissance through Kant, including Bacon, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Formerly PHIL 100B.
| PHIL | 303 | History of 19th Century Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Western philosophical thought from Kant through the twentieth century, including the phenomenological and analytic traditions in western philosophy. Formerly PHIL 100C.
| PHIL | 304 | Analytic Philosophy | 3.0 Spring |
An examination of the history, concepts, and techniques of twentieth-century analytic philosophy. The analytical method will be applied to selected contemporary philosophical problems. Formerly PHIL 120.
| PHIL | 305 | Continental Philosophy | 3.0 Fall |
An examination of the phenomenological movement from Husserl through Merleau-Ponty and Heidegger. Formerly PHIL 121.
| PHIL | 306 | American Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A study of the major philosophic movements which have originated in the United States or had a significant impact on its institutions and culture. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 128.
| PHIL | 320 | Ethics | 3.0 Spring |
An introduction to moral theory, including such figures as Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Mill. Alternative views concerning fundamental moral questions will be explored. Formerly PHIL 107.
| PHIL | 321 | Ethics and Human Happiness | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An investigation of major contemporary theories of human happiness. Emphasis will be placed on analyzing the philosophical assumptions which they make about human nature, on evaluating the ethical content of these theories, and applying these theories to one's everyday life. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 108.
| PHIL | 322 | Science and Human Values | 3.0 Spring |
Prerequisites: BIOL 101 or BIOL 108.
Critically examines scientific and humanistic world views and sensibilities, directly applying these approaches to contemporary social and personal problems. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 116.
| PHIL | 322H | Science and Human Values <197> Honors | 3.0 Fall |
Prerequisites: Acceptance into the Honors Program, faculty permission.
Critically examines scientific and humanistic world views and sensibilities, directly applying these approaches to contemporary social and personal problems. A special section of PHIL 322 open only to students with demonstrated academic talent. Interested students should consult the university Honors Adviser. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 116H.
| PHIL | 323 | Moral Issues in Parenting | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A philosophical investigation of the moral and legal dimensions of parenting. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 127.
| PHIL | 324 | Philosophical Perspectives on Sex and Love | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An exploration of conceptual and ethical issues pertaining to intimate relationships, e.g., sexual equality, perversion, fidelity, the nature of love and friendship, marriage, and children. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 137.
| PHIL | 325 | Marxist Thought | 3.0 Inquire |
Origin and development in the nineteenth century of dialectical and historical materialism, emphasizing the implications of Marxist philosophy for an understanding of nature, knowledge, revolution; doctrinal evolution from Marx to Mao. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 125.
| PHIL | 326 | Social Ethics | 3.0 Fall |
An examination of selected ethical issues confronting contemporary society, emphasizing legal and other institutional contexts in which these problems arise. Topics may include genetic engineering, animal rights, and preferential treatment. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 138.
| PHIL | 327 | Biomedical Ethics | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An examination of moral issues arising in medical practice and biomedical research. Among the topics discussed are the responsibilities of health care professionals, the allocation of scarce medical resources, genetic engineering, and the harvesting of fetal tissue. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 140.
| PHIL | 328 | Business Ethics and Social Policy | 3.0 Inquire |
An examination of ethical issues that arise in business decisions and the formulation of social policy involving business, e.g. employee rights, consumer and environmental protection, advertising, and affirmative action. Moral theory and alternative conceptions of justice will also be discussed. Formerly PHIL 141.
| PHIL | 329 | Environmental Ethics | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An examination of a variety of approaches to the development of an environmental ethic, including "shallow" and "deep" environmentalism, the balance of nature argument, and the Gaia hypothesis. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 146.
| PHIL | 330 | Learning and Values | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Basic introduction to the nature and acquisition of values, to the idea of humans as moral agents, to principles of moral reasoning, and to applications to educational settings. Formerly PHIL 155.
| PHIL | 331 | Center for Applied and Professional Ethics (CAPE) Forum | 1.0 Fall |
An introduction to current ethical issues facing individuals, institutions, and society. Students attend regularly scheduled CAPE forums, symposia, and seminars and do appropriate reading and writing in conjunction with sessions. Formerly PHIL 159.
| PHIL | 332 | Criminal Justice Ethics | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An investigation of contemporary moral issues involved in police work and corrections, such as deadly force, entrapment, undercover work, corruption, and prisoners' rights. Formerly PHIL 205.
| PHIL | 333 | Contemporary Moral Theory | 3.0 Fall |
Prerequisites: PHIL 320 or PHIL 321; ENGL 130 (or its equivalent) with a grade of C- or higher.
An analysis of twentieth-century ethical theory. This is a writing proficiency, WP, course; a grade of C- or better certifies writing proficiency for majors. Formerly PHIL 207.
| PHIL | 334 | Ethics and Environmental Sciences | 3.0 Inquire |
Discussion of the ethical issues that arise in the environmental sciences. Emphasis placed on examination of kinds of ethical dilemmas facing environmental scientists and policy makers, on development of tools for analyzing and resolving such dilemmas, and on views that have influenced attitudes about the environment and environmental ethics. Attention given to religious, philosophical, historical, and cultural origins of moral values and various approaches to moral deliberation and moral reasoning. Formerly PHIL 220.
| PHIL | 340 | Social and Political Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A philosophical examination of the nature and function of the human community and the political state, and of the implications for individual life of alternative conceptions of society and politics. Formerly PHIL 114.
| PHIL | 341 | Justice and Human Rights | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A systematic investigation of the historical origins of the concept of justice and its application to domestic and international issues involving human rights. Special attention is given to the related issues of power and social control. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 126.
| PHIL | 342 | Roots of War: A Philosophical Survey | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
A critical examination of diverse philosophical views regarding the causes of war and the prospects for peace. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 139.
| PHIL | 343 | Perspectives on Nuclear Policy | 3.0 Inquire |
Perspectives on nuclear policy and interdisciplinary examination of the theory and practice of nuclear policy of America and the former Societ Union. Special emphasis given to the philosophical, religious, biological, psychological, and political dimensions of nuclear policy. Formerly PHIL 143.
| PHIL | 344 | Comparative Peace Studies | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An interdisciplinary cross-cultural survey of prospects for peace. Focuses on non-violent modes of conflict resolution. Major philosophical and social scientific ideas from both the pacifist and non-pacifist traditions are examined in depth. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 145.
| PHIL | 345 | Theoretical Perspectives on Gender | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Examines the various theories put forth to explain the differences between men and women, including scientific, social scientific, and humanistic explanations. Emphasis on feminist perspectives. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 170.
| PHIL | 349 | Social Theory: History of Social Thought | 3.0 Inquire |
A survey of social philosophy from the Greek Golden Age to the 20th century. The conceptualization of society, social order, and human nature is studied. Emphasis is given to the study of the relationship of ideas to historical and social conditions. Formerly PHIL 103.
| PHIL | 360 | Theory of Knowledge (Epistemology) | 3.0 Fall |
Philosophical studies of the sources, nature, and criteria of knowledge; alternative approaches to problems of perception, meaning, and truth. Formerly PHIL 105.
| PHIL | 361 | Metaphysics | 3.0 Spring |
An examination of basic metaphysical problems, such as free will, the mind-body problem, life after death, and some of the systems of thought that attempt to deal with them. Formerly PHIL 106.
| PHIL | 362 | Philosophy of Mind | 3.0 Inquire |
An examination of the nature of the mind, including such issues as the mind-body problem and the relationship of consciousness to human action. Formerly PHIL 124.
| PHIL | 363 | History of Mind | 3.0 Fall |
This course examines the history of two competing approaches to psychology, and it evaluates their philosophical and scientific merits. Implications for contemporary debates in psychology are discussed. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 129.
| PHIL | 364 | Machines, Brains, and Minds | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Junior standing, faculty permission.
An examination of the emergence of artificial mind in machines, with special attention to related issues in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 132.
| PHIL | 365 | Philosophy of Psychology | 3.0 Inquire |
A study of the philosophical origins of psychology and the philosophical presuppositions and implications of various schools of contemporary psychological thought. Formerly PHIL 123.
| PHIL | 370 | Philosophy of Science | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An examination of the philosophical issues raised by scientific inquiry. Topics include the logical empiricist view of science, perception, and discovery, scientific paradigms, and the implications of reductivism. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 110.
| PHIL | 371 | Philosophy of Social Science | 3.0 Inquire |
Examination of selected current issues regarding the methods, scope, concepts, and presuppositions of the social and behavioral sciences. Formerly PHIL 109.
| PHIL | 373 | Science and Modern Culture | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
An appreciation of Darwin's theory of evolution, Einstein's theory of relativity, and quantum theory as basic intellectual sources of Modernism, along with an understanding of their relationship to other foundational themes of Modernism, such as Marx's socialism, Nietzsche's perspectivism, and Freud's theory of the unconscious. Formerly PHIL 131.
| PHIL | 380 | Intermediate Logic | 3.0 Fall |
In this course students will learn categorical and propositional logic, beginning with the historical origins of these formal systems and ending with analysis and evaluation of arguments from philosophical texts and popular sources. Formerly PHIL 112.
| PHIL | 381 | Philosophy in Literature | 3.0 Inquire |
Critical reading and discussion of selected literary works, with special emphasis on the clarification and analysis of the philosophical ideas they entail. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Formerly PHIL 130.
| PHIL | 382 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Existentialists <197> Sartre and Camus | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291G.
| PHIL | 383 | Philosophy and Film | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Critical examination of selected cinematographic works, with special emphasis on the clarification and analysis of the philosophical ideas they entail. This is an approved General Education course. Special fee required; see The Class Schedule. Formerly PHIL 192.
| PHIL | 385 | Critical Theory of Information | 3.0 Spring |
An examination of theories relevant to the analysis of context and content of oral and written texts. Formerly PHIL 242.
| PHIL | 386 | Philosophy of Judaism | 3.0 EvenSp |
This course explores the major philosophical trends and traditions affecting Jewish life. Hellenistic and rabbinical philosophy, Philo to Maimonides, Spinoza to Moses Mendelsohn and the Enlightenment, and Hebrew-Yiddish renaissance to modern Zionism will be examined. This is an approved General Education course. Formerly PHIL 135.
| PHIL | 398 | Special Topics in Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Investigation of special topics in philosophy. Open to upper-division students only. Variable content. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Formerly PHIL 190.
| PHIL | 399 | Special Problems | 1.0-3.0 Fa/Spr |
This course is an independent study of special problems offered for 1.0-3.0 units. You must register directly with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Credit/no credit grading only. Formerly PHIL 199.
| PHIL | 401 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Problems of Perception | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 290A.
| PHIL | 402 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Philosophical Semantics | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 290B.
| PHIL | 403 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Issues in Ontology | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 290C.
| PHIL | 404 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Selected Topics in Logic | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 290D.
| PHIL | 405 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Philosophy of Symbolism | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 290E.
| PHIL | 406 | Seminar in Special Issues in Philosophy: Philosophical Theology | 3.0 Inquire |
PHIL 401 - PHIL 406: Intensive reading and discussion of special issues in philosophy. Formerly PHIL 290F.
| PHIL | 411 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Plato and Aristotle | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291A.
| PHIL | 412 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Continental Rationalists <197> Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291B.
| PHIL | 413 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: British Empiricists <197> Locke, Berkeley, and | Hume3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291C.
| PHIL | 414 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Kant | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291D.
| PHIL | 415 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: The German Idealists <197> | Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291E.
| PHIL | 416 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Nineteenth-Century Social Theorists | 3.0 Inquire |
See description below. Formerly PHIL 291F.
| PHIL | 417 | Seminar in Major Philosophical Figures: Philosophical Analysts | 3.0 Inquire |
PHIL 411 - PHIL 417: Intensive reading and discussion of the writings of major philosophical figures. Formerly PHIL 291J.
| PHIL | 418 | Tutorial in Philosophy | 3.0 Inquire |
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing.
Individually directed projects in philosophy. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Formerly PHIL 296.
| PHIL | 421 | Seminar in Special Issues in Social and Political Philosophy | 3.0 Spring |
Prerequisites: ENGL 130 (or its equivalent) with a grade of C- or higher.
Intensive reading and discussion of special issues in social and political philosophy. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. This is a writing proficiency, WP, course; a grade of C- or better certifies writing proficiency for majors. Formerly PHIL 294.
| PHIL | 434 | Origins of Western Political Thought | 3.0 Inquire |
The classical roots of western political philosophy and their relationship to contemporary political theory. Formerly PHIL 234.
| PHIL | 436 | Liberal and Conservative Traditions | 3.0 Fall |
The philosophical framework of political and social change, with emphasis on the French Revolution and on the emergence of liberal ideology as a basis of contemporary radical and liberal political philosophy. Formerly PHIL 236.
| PHIL | 437 | Contemporary Political Thought | 3.0 Inquire |
An extended discussion of the nature of anarchy, corporatism, oligarchy, classical liberalism, radical liberalism, democratic socialism, communism, and fascism, with a continued focus on these political cultures and their ideological expressions in contemporary politics. Formerly PHIL 237.
| PHIL | 438 | Jurisprudence: Philosophy of Law | 3.0 Fall |
The philosophical nature and origins of law. Topics to be examined include theories of law, justice, the relationship of law to morality, natural law, responsibility, punishment, and other basic concepts. Approach is both theoretical and via case studies. Formerly PHIL 238.
| PHIL | 469 | Ethics in Government | 3.0 Inquire |
Prerequisites: Faculty permission.
A discussion course which explores a variety of ethical decision-making procedures via a case-study approach in order to help students develop critical decision-making skills useful in dealing with ethical issues likely to confront the public manager. Formerly PHIL 269.
| PHIL | 480 | Advanced Logic | 3.0 Spring |
Prerequisites: PHIL 380, faculty permission.
Systematic treatment of truth functions and quantifiers; introduction to mathematical logic. Topics include syntax, semantics, and metatheory for the propositional and predicate calculi, elementary set theory. Russell's paradox, infinite sets. Formerly PHIL 212.
| PHIL | 489 | Internship | 1.0-3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Junior standing or above and either 9 units of philosophy or have declared philosophy as a major or minor, faculty permission.
This course is an internship offered for 1.0-3.0 units. You must register directly with a supervising faculty member. Internships in Philosophy: (a) assisting instructors in lower-division courses; (b) assisting the department in preparation of Philosophy Forums, or department-sponsored discussions, debates, and multimedia presentations; (c) working outside the academic program in government, community, or business, in tasks appropriate for philosophy students; or (d) assisting faculty in research. A maximum of 6 units may be counted toward the major or minor in philosophy. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 15.0 units. Formerly PHIL 289.
| PHIL | 489T | Internship in Teaching Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Upper-division standing and faculty permission.
Supervised collaborative training in teaching, normally completed in two consecutive semesters. Focus in the first semester is on developing class plans and instructional communication skills. Focus in the second semester is on creating syllabi and developing competence in assessment. Registration is by arrangement with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 15.0 units. Formerly PHIL 289T.
| PHIL | 499H | Senior Honors Research Paper | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: ENGL 130 (or its equivalent) with a grade of C- or higher, acceptance into Honors in Philosophy, faculty permission.
To provide opportunity for the student accepted for "Honors in the Major" to prepare and write a thesis on a topic germane to interests developed during the first three years of work in Philosophy. Research and writing will be done under supervision by a staff adviser and for the total of 6 units in consecutive semesters. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. This is a writing proficiency, WP, course; a grade of C- or better certifies writing proficiency for majors. Formerly PHIL 299H.
| PHIL | 599 | Project in Applied Philosophy | 1.0-6.0 Fa/Spr |
This course is a culminating project in the Certificate in Teaching Critical Thinking and is offered for 1.0-6.0 units. It focuses on communication and application of critical thinking techniques in professional and commercial contexts. You must register directly with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 18.0 units. Formerly PHIL 295.
| PHIL | 689 | Internship in Teaching Philosophy | 3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Graduate standing and faculty permission.
Supervised collaborative training in teaching, normally completed in two consecutive semesters. Focus in the first semester is on developing class plans and instructional communication skills. Focus in the second semester is on creating syllabi and developing competence in assessment. Registration is by arrangement with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Formerly PHIL 389T.
| PHIL | 690 | Project in Applied Philosophy | 1.0-6.0 Fa/Spr |
This course is a culminating project in the Certificate in Teaching Critical Thinking and is offered for 1.0-6.0 units. It focuses on communication and application of critical thinking techniques in professional and commercial contexts. You must register directly with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 18.0 units. Formerly PHIL 395.
| PHIL | 697 | Independent Study | 1.0-3.0 Fa/Spr |
Prerequisites: Open only to students pursuing a Master of Arts Degree with a special major, faculty permission.
This course is a graduate-level independent study offered for 1.0-3.0 units. You must register directly with a supervising faculty member. You may take this course more than once for a maximum of 6.0 units. Formerly PHIL 398.