Workplace Violence Prevention
Guidelines For Workplace Security and Zero Tolerance Policy on Workplace
Violence
Adopted: March 2, 1998
Executive Memorandum 98-09
Table of Contents
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To:
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Campus Community
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From:
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Manuel A. Esteban, President
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Subject:
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Executive Memorandum 98-09, Zero Tolerance Policy
on Workplace Violence
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California State University, Chico is committed to
creating and maintaining a working, learning, and social
environment for all employees which is free from violence.
Civility, understanding, and mutual respect toward all
individuals are intrinsic to excellence in teaching and
learning, to the existence of a safe and healthy workplace,
and to the maintenance of a campus culture and environment
which serves the needs of many constituencies which support
it. Threats of violence or acts of violence not only impact
the individuals concerned, but also the mission of the
University to foster higher education through open dialogue
and the free exchange of ideas. The University prohibits
violent acts or threats of violence, and any employee who
commits a violent act or threatens to commit a violent act
is subject to disciplinary action and/or civil or criminal
prosecution as appropriate.
California State University, Chico has zero tolerance for
violence against any member of the workforce, other persons
in the workplace, or property. Any person who makes
substantial threats, exhibits threatening behavior, or
engages in violent acts on university property shall be
subject to removal from the premises as quickly as safety
permits, pending the outcome of an investigation. All
individuals who apply for or obtain a protective or
restraining order which lists university locations as being
protected areas must provide the University Police
Department with a copy of the petition and declarations used
to seek the order, a copy of any temporary protective or
restraining order which is granted, and a copy of any
protective or restraining order which is made permanent.
For the purpose of this policy, violence and threats of
violence include but are not limited to
- any act that is physically assaultive or
- any physical or verbal threat, behavior, or action
which is interpreted by a reasonable person to carry the
potential
- to harm or endanger the safety of others;
- to result in an act of aggression; or
- to destroy or damage property.
Established personnel and public safety procedures will
serve as the mechanism for resolving situations of violence
or threats of violence. Each allegation of violence or
threat of violence will be taken seriously. Individuals are
responsible to report acts of violence, threats of violence,
or any other behavior, which by intent, act, or outcome
harms another person or property, to their supervisor or the
University Police Department.
Consult the following campus resources for information in
regard to this policy. These resources form the Workplace
Violence Consultation Team, which is trained to provide risk
assessments and action planning.
A. University Police
Department
The primary role of the University Police Department is
to provide an immediate response to a crisis in progress,
not only by dispatching police officers but also by
requesting and coordinating fire department and ambulance
responses, if needed. As a member of the Consultation Team,
UPD will provide physical security for threatened or at-risk
persons; enforce applicable laws; and thoroughly document
all incidents and actions. In case of an emergency, dial
9-911, and dial 5555 in a non-emergency.
B. Faculty and Staff Assistance
Supervisors are encouraged to contact the Director of
Faculty and Staff Assistance (898-4645) when employees come
forward with concerns about an individual, particularly if
the issue is stress-induced. Support will be offered to
those impacted by the individual causing concern in the work
environment. Unless there is immediate danger, do not
discuss the issue with other employees prior to contacting
the Director or another appropriate team member. If danger
is imminent, contact University Police immediately.
Most inquiries are confidential, but a "duty to
warn" is always adhered to if there is a belief that an
identified person is in harm's way. All parties concerned,
including the campus police, will work together to resolve
potential problems. It is up to the Workplace Violence
Consultation Team to decide who will confront the employee
or notify other employees during the process.
C. Psychological Counseling
The primary role of the Psychological Counseling Center
is to provide counseling services to students who are
experiencing emotional difficulties or psychological crises.
However, the Center is available to any member of the campus
community in a psychological crisis for the purpose of
crisis intervention and referral to appropriate resources in
the community. Additionally, the Center routinely provides
consultation to any member of the campus community concerned
with how to deal with students or others in psychological
distress.
If you believe that a student poses a threat of violence,
contact the Director of the Counseling Center or any other
counselor at 898-6345. If danger is imminent, contact the
University Police immediately. The Counseling Center has a
"duty to warn" in an instance where there is an
identified potential victim and the Center believes that
there is a significant chance of harm to the victim. If you
are unsure about a situation, call the Center to discuss the
issue, assess the situation, and consider alternatives.
D. Human Resources
The Office of Human Resources is responsible for
assisting in the prevention of violence in the workplace by
providing advice and counsel to managers, supervisors, and
employees when faced with threats or other situations that
have a potential for violence. Human Resource's role is to
assist campus departments in implementing appropriate
personnel practices used in the hiring, supervision, and
retention of employees. To accomplish this, Human Resources
is available to advise and instruct on subjects such as
improving employee evaluations, proper documentation
techniques, and interpretation and application of university
policy and procedures.
Human Resources is also responsible for assisting in
pre-employment screening and other preventative hiring
practices and is the source of information for fitness for
duty examinations, leaves of absence, and disciplinary
procedures. Human Resources also assists as appropriate in
the investigation of threats of violence and addresses
related issues of legitimate concern to employees. If
employees, supervisors, or managers need assistance in these
areas, call the Office of Human Resources-Personnel at
898-6435.
Workplace Violence Consultation Team
The following offices are available for information and
consultation in regards to the Zero Tolerance Policy on
Workplace Violence:
THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY POLICE
DEPARTMENT
The University Police Department's primary role is to
provide an immediate response to a crisis in progress, not
only by dispatching police officers but also by requesting
and coordinating fire department and ambulance responses, if
needed. Prior to an actual occurrence, UPD involvement will
include: Participation on the Workplace Violence
Consultation Team; providing physical security for
threatened or at-risk persons; confronting the potentially
violent person (under certain circumstances); enforcing
applicable laws; and thoroughly documenting all incidents
and actions. In case of an emergency dial 9-911 and in a
non-emergency dial 5555.
THE ROLE OF FACULTY AND STAFF ASSISTANCE
The best kept secret on campus may not be that secret!
Others may have come forward with concerns or stress induced
issues because of the person in question. Supervisors are
encouraged to contact the Director of Faculty and Staff
Assistance IMMEDIATELY when concerns arise. The Director is
a member of the Workplace Violence Consultation Team which
is trained to provide risk assessments and action planning.
In addition, support will be offered to those impacted by
the individual causing concern in the work environment.
Unless immediate danger is present, DO NOT discuss with
other employees prior to contacting the Director or another
appropriate team member. IF DANGER IS imminent, CONTACT
UNIVERSITY POLICE IMMEDIATELY!
Most inquiries are confidential. A "Duty to
Warn" is always adhered to if there is a belief that an
identified person is in harms way. All parties concerned,
including campus police, will work together to resolve
potential problems. It is up to the Workplace Violence
Consultation Team to decide WHO will confront the employee
and/or notify other employees during the process.
THE ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCES
The Office of Human Resources (HR) is responsible for
assisting in the prevention of violence in the workplace by
providing advice and counsel to managers, supervisors, and
employees when faced with threats or other situations that
have a potential for violence. HR's role on campus is to
assist campus departments in the implementation of
appropriate personnel practices used in the hiring,
supervision, and retention of employees. To accomplish this,
HR is available to advise and instruct on subjects such as
improving employee performance, completing accurate job
descriptions and performance evaluations, proper
documentation techniques, and interpretation and application
of University policy and procedures.
HR is also responsible for assisting in pre-employment
screening and other preventative hiring practices and is the
source of information for fitness for duty examinations,
leaves of absence and disciplinary procedures. HR also
assists, as appropriate, in the investigation of threats of
violence and addresses related issues that are of legitimate
concern to employees. If employees, supervisors or managers
need assistance in these areas call the Office of Human
Resources - Personnel.
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING
The primary role of the Psychological Counseling Center
is to provide counseling services to students who are
experiencing emotional difficulties or psychological crises.
However, the Center is available to any member of the campus
community in a psychological crisis for the purpose of
crisis intervention and referral to appropriate resources in
the community. Additionally, the Center routinely provides
consultation to any member of the campus community concerned
over how to deal with students or others in psychological
distress.
If you believe that a student poses a threat of violence,
please contact the Director of the Counseling Center and if
he is not available, any other counselor on the staff. It is
important that you share your concern right away rather than
waiting "to see if anything happens." If danger is
eminent, contact the University Police immediately. The
Counseling Center has a "duty to warn" in an
instance where their is an identified potential victim and
the Center believes that there is a significant chance of
harm to the victim.
If you are not sure whether to be concerned, feel free to
call and discuss your concerns in order to assess the
situation and consider alternatives.
Many workplaces are at risk for workplace violence and,
unfortunately, a University environment is not immune.
California State University, Chico is committed to
preventing workplace violence, and ensuring a safe and
healthful work environment for all members of the University
community. Certain campus workplace situations are
recognized as presenting significantly greater risks than
others. Therefore, every campus office or department should
perform an initial assessment to identify its particular
workplace security issues. If that initial assessment
determines that University employees are at a significant
risk for workplace violence, then the responsible manager or
supervisor should review the material presented in this
Workplace Security Program.
There are a number of factors that have been shown to
contribute to the risk of violence in a University
workplace. If one or more of the following situations or
activities is present in your workplace, then you should
consider your workplace to be at potential risk of violence:
- Exchange of money.
- Working alone at night and during early morning hours.
- Availability of valued items, e.g., money and jewelry.
- Availability of prescription drugs.
- Performing campus Public Safety functions.
- Working with patients, clients, customers or students
known or suspected to have a history of violence.
- Employees, including former employees, with a history
of assaults or who exhibit belligerent, intimidating or
threatening behavior to others.
- Employees who have been the object of belligerent,
intimidating, or threatening behavior from family
members or significant others.
These are just some of the major factors that can
contribute to workplace violence in a University
environment. If you have identified any of these, or other
indicators of violence in the workplace, a further
evaluation should be performed.
At California State University, Chico, authority and
responsibility for implementing the provisions of this
Workplace Security Program have been assigned to the
individual identified below:
All managers and supervisors are responsible for
implementing and maintaining this program in their work
areas and for answering employee questions about the
Program. A copy of these guidelines is available from each
manager and supervisor.
Cal-OSHA has classified the circumstances associated with
workplace violence into three major types. All three types
exist to varying degrees in a typical campus environment.
However, it is important to keep in mind that a particular
University workplace, situation, activity or personnel
classification may be subject to more than one type.
TYPE I VIOLENCE -- A Type I workplace
violence event occurs when an individual enters the
workplace specifically to commit a criminal act. While the
assailant may feign being a consumer of University goods or
services as a pretext to enter a campus building, office or
department, he or she has no legitimate relationship to the
workplace.
University employees who have face-to-face contact and
exchange money with the public, who work late at night and
into the early morning hours, and who often work alone or in
very small numbers are at greatest risk of a Type I
event.
At California State University, Chico, the following
areas have been identified as being particularly susceptible
to Type I workplace violence:
- Parking areas
- Loading docks
- First-floor rest rooms
- Cash-handling offices
- Campus bookstore
- Cafeteria/food services
- Credit union
- Concerts, dances, athletic areas and events
- Buildings open for after hours maintenance or cleaning
- Boiler/chiller plant
TYPE II VIOLENCE -- A Type II workplace
violence event involves an assault or threat by someone who
is either the recipient or the object of a service provided
by a workplace or employee.
Type II events involve both fatal and non fatal
injuries to University individuals who provide goods or
services to the public (i.e., students, community members,
visitors). These events chiefly involve threats,
intimidation or assaults on Public Safety personnel, health
care and social service providers, faculty, sales personnel,
and other University employees who provide professional,
public safety, administrative or business services to the
public.
At California State University, Chico, the following
areas have been identified as particularly susceptible to Type
II workplace violence:
- Student Affairs Offices
- Public Safety (e.g., parking violations)
- Legal Affairs Office
- Administrative Offices
- Cafeteria/Food Services
- Auxiliary Services/Extended Education
- Visitors/Information Desk
- President's Office
- Library
- Cashiers' Office
- Office of Human Resources
Unlike Type I events, which often represent
irregular occurrences in the life of any particular at-risk
University office, department or employee, Type II
events occur on a daily basis in many campus service areas,
and therefore represent a more pervasive risk for campus
personnel.
TYPE III VIOLENCE -- A Type III workplace
violence event consists of an assault by an individual who
has some employment-related involvement with the workplace.
A Type III event usually involves a threat of
violence, or a physical act of violence resulting in a fatal
or non fatal injury, by a current or former University
employee, supervisor or manager; a current or former spouse
or lover; a relative or friend; or some other person who has
a personal dispute involving an employee of the workplace.
A Type III event is not associated with a specific
type of University workplace or occupation. Any campus
workplace can be at risk for a Type III event.
At California State University, Chico, the following
areas have been identified as particularly susceptible to Type
III workplace violence:
- All Administrative Offices
- Buildings and Grounds
- Parking Areas
- President's Office
California State University, Chico has established the
following guidelines to ensure compliance with campus rules
on workplace security.
All University employees are responsible for using safe
work practices, for following directives, guidelines and
procedures and for assisting in maintaining a safe and
secure work environment.
California State University, Chico's program for ensuring
that University employees, including supervisors and
managers, comply with work practices that are designed to
make the workplace more secure, and do not engage in threats
or physical actions which create a security hazard for
others in the workplace, includes:
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Informing employees, supervisors and managers of the
provisions of California State University, Chico's
Workplace Security Program, and its "Zero
Tolerance" policy for workplace violence, including
threats of physical harm and intimidation. A copy of
California State University, Chico's "Zero
Tolerance" policy appears at Attachment 1.
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Evaluating the performance of employees in complying
with the University's workplace security measures.
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Recognizing employees who perform work practices which
promote security in the workplace.
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Providing training and/or guidance counseling to
employees whose performance is deficient in complying
with work practices designed to ensure workplace
security.
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Taking corrective measures and/or disciplining
employees for repeated failure to comply with their work
related workplace security practices.
At California State University, Chico, we recognize that
to maintain a safe, healthy and secure workplace we must
have open, two-way communication between all employees,
including managers and supervisors, on all workplace safety,
health and security issues. California State University,
Chico has a communication guideline designed to encourage a
continuous flow of safety, health and security information
between University management and the campus community
without fear of reprisal or ridicule, and in a form that is
readily understandable. California State University, Chico's
communication guidelines consists of the following items:
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New employee orientation on California State
University, Chico's workplace security guidelines,
procedures and work practices.
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Periodic review of the California State University,
Chico's Workplace Security Program
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Training programs designed to address specific aspects
of workplace security unique to this campus.
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Regularly scheduled safety training available for
employees, including workplace security discussions.
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A system to ensure that all University employees,
through their managers and supervisors, understand and
observe the workplace security practices.
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Posted or distributed workplace security information.
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A guideline encouraging campus employees to inform
University management promptly about workplace security
hazards or threats of violence.
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Procedures for protecting members of the University
community who report physical violence or threats from
retaliation by the person engaging in such conduct.
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Addressing campus security issues at workplace
security meetings.
California State University, Chico performs workplace
hazard assessment for workplace security in the form of a
periodic review to identify and evaluate workplace security
hazards and threats of workplace violence.
Periodic ongoing review of workplace safety is conducted
according to the following schedule:
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When California State University, Chico initially
established this Workplace Security Program;
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Currently each semester by campus offices in
consultation with Plant Operations, University Police,
and Environmental Management, Health and Safety; and
Risk Management.
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When new or previously unidentified security hazards
are recognized;
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When violence in the workplace injuries or threats of
injury occur; and
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Whenever workplace security conditions warrant
inspection.
Periodic reviews for security hazards consist of
identification and evaluation of workplace security hazards
and changes in employee work practices, and may require
assessment for more than one type of workplace violence.
California State University, Chico performs reviews for each
type of workplace violence by using the methods specified
below to identify and evaluate workplace security hazards.
Reviews for Type I workplace security hazards
include assessing:
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The exterior and interior of the campus facilities for
their attractiveness to robbers and other criminal
activity.
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The need for security surveillance measures, such as
mirrors, motion detectors, enhanced lighting or cameras.
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Posting of signs notifying the public that limited
cash is kept on the premises.
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Procedures for employee response during a robbery or
other criminal act.
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Procedures for reporting suspicious persons or
activities.
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Posting of emergency telephone numbers for University
law enforcement and for local fire and medical services
where employees have access to a telephone.
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Limiting the amount of cash on hand and using time
access safes and other robbery deterrent measures.
Reviews for Type II workplace security hazards
include assessing:
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Access to, and freedom of movement within, the
workplace.
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Adequacy of workplace security systems, such as door
locks, security windows, physical barriers and restraint
systems.
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Frequency and severity of threatening or hostile
situations that may lead to violent acts by persons who
receive goods or services from the campus.
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Appropriateness of training for employees in safely
handling threatening or hostile service situations.
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Effectiveness of systems and procedures to warn others
of a campus security danger or to summon assistance,
e.g., alarms or panic buttons.
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The use of work practices such as "buddy"
systems for specified emergency events.
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The availability of employee escape routes.
Reviews for Type III workplace security hazards
include assessing:
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That California State University, Chico's violence
prevention guideline has been periodically communicated
to the campus community.
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University employees', supervisors', and managers'
knowledge of the warning signs of potential workplace
violence.
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Access to, and freedom of movement within, the
workplace by non-employees, including recently
discharged employees or persons with whom a campus
employee is having a dispute.
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Frequency and severity of University employee reports
of threats of physical or verbal abuse by managers,
supervisors, subordinates or other employees.
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Any prior violent acts, threats of physical violence,
verbal abuse, property damage or other signs of strain
or pressure in the workplace.
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Employee disciplinary and discharge procedures in
consultation with Human Resources.
California State University, Chico has established the
following procedures for investigating incidents of
workplace violence or threats of physical injury.
A team approach has been developed and implemented to
address supervisory concerns about an employee or incident
which could be potentially threatening to the campus
community. The team includes:
Chief of Police
University Police Department
898-5555
Director
Faculty and Staff Assistance
898-4645
Director
Psychological Counseling
898-6345
Director
Personnel Department
898-6435
Supervisors, faculty and staff are encouraged to contact
one of these individuals when issues regarding workplace or
personal security may come to their attention. The team
approach allows the supervisor or employee to meet with the
professionals designated above at the same time and provides
a broad perspective on how to handle a potential problem.
There may be times when only one or two team members will be
called to respond to a particular incident. Confidentiality
is adhered to except when danger to self or others becomes
apparent. Federal laws require mandated reporting to
appropriate authorities when potential violence to an
identified person or workplace is reported.
The following protocol will be followed by University
Police and others deemed appropriate:
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Reviewing previous incidents.
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Visiting the scene of an incident as soon as possible.
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Interviewing threatened or injured employees and
witnesses.
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Examining the workplace for security risk factors
associated with the incident, including any previous
reports of inappropriate behavior by the perpetrator.
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Determining the cause of the incident.
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Taking corrective action to prevent the incident from
recurring.
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Recording the findings and corrective actions taken.
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All media contacts will be handled by the public
information staff as directed by the President.
Known hazards which threaten security of University
employees shall be corrected in a timely manner, based on
severity when they are first observed or discovered.
Corrective measures for Type I workplace security
hazards may include:
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Making the workplace unattractive to robbers and
thieves.
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Using surveillance measures, such as cameras, motion
detectors, enhanced lighting or mirrors, to provide
information as to what is going on outside and inside
the workplace.
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Procedures for reporting suspicious persons or
activities.
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Posting of emergency telephone numbers for campus law
enforcement and local fire and medical services where
employees have access to a telephone with an outside
line.
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Posting of signs notifying the public that limited
cash is kept on the premises.
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Limiting the amount of cash on hand and using time
access safes and other crime prevention measures.
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Employee, supervisor, and management training on
emergency action procedures.
Corrective measures for Type II workplace security
hazards include:
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Controlling access to the workplace and freedom of
movement within it, consistent with business necessity.
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Ensuring the adequacy of workplace security systems,
such as door locks, alarms, security windows, physical
barriers and restraint systems.
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Providing employee training in recognizing and
handling threatening or hostile situations that may lead
to violent acts by persons who receive goods or services
from the campus.
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Placing effective systems to warn others of a security
danger or to summon assistance, e.g., alarms or panic
buttons.
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Providing procedures for a "buddy" system
for specified emergency events.
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Ensuring adequate employee escape routes.
Corrective measures for Type III workplace
security hazards may include:
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Effectively communicating California State University,
Chico's anti-violence guidelines to all employees,
supervisors and managers, including its "zero
tolerance" for acts or threats of violence or
physical intimidation.
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Continually assessing and improving how well
California State University, Chico's management and
employees communicate with each other regarding security
issues.
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Increasing awareness by University employees,
supervisors and managers of the warning signs of
potential workplace violence.
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Controlling access to, and freedom of movement within,
the workplace by non-employees, including recently
discharged employees or persons with whom a University
employee is having a dispute.
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Providing assessment and short term counseling and
referrals to employees, supervisors or managers who
exhibit behavior that represents strain or pressure
which may lead to physical or verbal abuse of co-workers
through Faculty and Staff Assistance.
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Ensure that all reports of violent acts, threats of
physical violence, verbal abuse, property damage, or
other signs of strain or pressure in the workplace are
handled effectively by University management and that
the person making the report is not subject to
retaliation by the person making the threat, or to
ridicule by the person receiving the report.
-
Ensure that employee disciplinary and discharge
procedures effectively and expeditiously address the
potential for workplace violence.
California State University, Chico has established the
following guidelines on training, instruction and
information for all University employees with respect to
workplace security:
All University employees, including managers and
supervisors, shall be provided the opportunity for periodic
training and instruction on general and job-specific campus
workplace security practices. Training and instruction will
be available to all new employees and to other employees for
whom training has not previously been provided and to all
employees, supervisors and managers given new job
assignments for which specific workplace security training
for that job assignment has not previously been provided.
Additional training and instruction will be provided to
appropriate campus personnel whenever the University is made
aware of new or previously unrecognized security hazards.
Information on workplace security and safe work practices,
including this program, will be provided periodically and
updated as necessary.
General campus workplace security training and
instruction includes such things as:
-
Explanation of California State University, Chico's
Workplace Security Guidelines, including measures for
reporting any violent acts or threats of violence.
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Recognition of workplace security hazards, including
the risk factors associated with the three types of
workplace violence.
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Measures to prevent workplace violence, including
procedures for reporting workplace security hazards or
threats to managers and supervisors.
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Ways to defuse hostile or threatening situations.
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Measures to summon others for assistance.
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Employee escape routes.
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Notification to police when a criminal act may have
occurred.
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Emergency medical care availability in the event of
any violent act upon a University employee; and
-
Post-event trauma counseling for those employees
desiring such assistance through Faculty and Staff
Assistance.
Upon request of the supervisor and/or employee,
California State University, Chico provides specific
instructions to campus employees regarding workplace
security hazards that may be unique to their job
assignments, to the extent that such information was not
already covered in other training.
California State University, Chico has chosen the
following items for Type I training and instruction
for managers, supervisors and employees:
-
Crime awareness.
-
Location and operation of campus alarm systems.
-
Communication procedures.
-
Proper work practices for specific campus workplace
activities, occupations or assignments.
California State University, Chico has chosen the
following items for Type II training and instruction
for campus managers, supervisors and employees:
-
Self-protection.
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Dealing with angry, hostile or threatening
individuals.
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Location, operation, care, and maintenance of campus
alarm systems and other protective devices.
-
Communication procedures.
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Determination of when to use the "buddy
system" or other assistance from co-employees.
-
Awareness of indicators that lead to violent acts by
persons receiving campus goods or services.
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Awareness of state laws (e.g., Penal Code) prohibiting
disruption of a CSU campus, the possession of weapons on
campus, and so forth.
California State University, Chico has chosen the
following items for Type III training and instruction
for campus managers, supervisors and employees:
-
Pre-employment screening practices.
-
Faculty and Staff Assistance Program.
-
Awareness of situational indicators that lead to
violent acts.
-
Awareness of state laws (e.g., Penal Code) prohibiting
disruption of a CSU campus, or the possession of weapons
on campus, and so forth.
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Managing with respect and consideration for employee
well-being.
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Review of anti-violence guidelines and procedures.
California State University, Chico has taken the
following steps to implement and maintain its Workplace
Security Program:
-
Records of University workplace security review,
including the person(s) conducting the inspection, the
unsafe conditions and work practices that have been
identified and the action taken to correct the
identified unsafe conditions and work practices are
recorded on a hazard assessment and correction form
-
Documentation of security training for each University
employee, including the employee's name or other
identifier, training dates, type(s) of training, and
training providers.
Inspection records maintained by the University pursuant
to its Workplace Security Program are kept at the office of:
Training records will be kept by:
and under the control of the following University
official:
Special thanks and acknowledgments to the
following references:
California State University, Office of the Chancellor
(1996). "Chancellor's Office Security Guidelines."
Dickerson, Jaffe D. , Esq., Littler, Mendelson, Fastiff,
Tichy & Mathiason (1995). "Terror and Violence in
the Workplace: How Safe is Your Campus? Special Problems and
Solutions for the California State University
Campuses."
Kinney, Joseph A., Johnson, Dennis L. Ph.D., (1993).
"Breaking Point: The Workplace Violence Epidemic and
What to Do About It." National Safe Workplace
Institute.
Littler, Mendelson, Fastiff, Tichy & Mathiason,
(1994). "Combating Workplace Violence: The New
California Requirements." Task Force Report.
Littler, Mendelson, Fastiff, Tichy & Mathiason,
(1995). "Terror and Violence in the Workplace."
(2nd ed.) [Handbook].
McNamara, Joseph D., Ph.D., Neer, Thomas, M., Dvoskin,
Joel A., Ph.D., Hirschfeld, Stephen H., J.D. (1996). UCSF.
"Assessing and Preventing Workplace Violence."
Siegel, D. (1994). "Campuses Respond to Violent
Tragedy." American Council On Education: Series on
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