- Reference list starts on a new page. Type the word
"References" centered at the top of the page.
- Double-space all reference list entries.
- Use hanging
indent form. The first line of each reference is set flush
left and subsequent lines are indented one half inch.
- Arrange alphabetically, not by format
of publication: book, journal, etc.
- The author should
be the first element, even for web pages. If no author is present, use editor
name. If no editor is present, start with book title or
article title.
- List author's last name,
followed by a comma then initials for first and middle
name. Do not spell out author's first or middle
name.
- Use "&" instead of "and"
when listing multiple authors of a single work.
- For a journal article with more than six authors, list the first six authors and then write “et al.” This Latin phrase is an indication that the work has more authors than the six listed.
- The date is always the second element and is contained in parentheses.
- Book and periodical titles should be in italics. Volume numbers of periodicals should be in italics.
- If a journal has both a volume and an issue number, write the volume number followed by the issue number in parenthesis. There is no space between the volume number and the open parenthesis.
- Article titles are plain text. No quotes or italics.
- Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle for books, book chapters
and article titles.
- Capitalize the first letter of each word in a periodical title except articles (a, an,
the).
- Each element (author, date, title, etc.) of a citation is separated by a period
and one space.
See Chapter 4 of the Publication Manual for
more details on formatting.
|
| Reference Examples |
| Book,
one author: |
Fussell, P. (1975). The Great War and modern
memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
|
| Chapter from book: |
Marcus, J. (1989). The asylums of Antaeus: Women,
war, and madness—
is
there a feminist fetishism? In H. A.Veeser (Ed.),
The
new historicism (pp. 132-151). New York: Routledge.
|
| Journal article (print, microform, PDF), one author: |
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the central nervous system. The Lancet, 1, 331-338.
|
| Journal article (print, microform, PDF), more than six authors: |
Johnson, A.J., Wittenberg, E., Haigh, M., Wigley, S., Becker, J., Brown, K., et al. (2004).
The process of relationship development and deterioration: Turning points in friendships that
have terminated. Communication Quarterly, 52(1), 54-67.
|
| Journal article (online from a library subscription database), two authors: |
Schneiderman, L. & Jecker, N. (1998). Judging who should live: Schneiderman and Jecker on
the duty not to treat. Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 23, 500-515.
Retrieved March 20, 2002, from Academic Search Elite database.
|
| Journal article (online from an Internet-only journal), one author: |
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved April 4, 2004, from
http://content.apa.org/journals/pre/3/1/1
|
| Newspaper article, one
author: |
Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Master teachers whose artistry glows in private. New York Times, p. B2.
|
| Newspaper article, no known author: |
Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). New York Times, p. A17.
|
| Article from CQ Researcher (electronic version): |
Hatch, D. (2003, June 6). Drug company ethics. The CQ Researcher Online, 13, 521-544. Retrieved July 4, 2003.
http://www.library.cqpress/cqresearcher
|
| Web page with no known author and no known date: |
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2004, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/
|
| Reference Citations in Text |
In addition to the list of references at the end of your paper, you need to cite your sources in the text of your paper. The author’s last name and the year are always listed. If the article has more than six authors, write only the first author’s name, followed by “et al.” If there is no known author, list the title in quotation marks and the date. A page or paragraph number is required for verbatim quotations. |
See sections 3.34, 3.94-3.102 and 4.09 of the Publication Manual for more details on citing sources in the text. |
| Examples of Citations in Text |
| Author’s name in text (no page number): |
Walker (2000) compared reaction times. . .
|
| Author’s name in reference (no page
number): |
In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000).
. .
|
| Author’s name in text (page number): |
According to Jones (1998), “Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time” (p. 199).
|
| Author’s name in reference (page number): |
She stated, “Students often had difficulty using
APA style,” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did
not offer an explanation as to why.
|
| No known author: Use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author. Example: |
A similar study was done of students learning to format a research paper ("Using APA." 2001).
|
| No known author or date: Use the first few words from the title and the abbreviation n.d. ("no date"). Example: |
In another study of students and research decision, it was discovered that students succeeded with tutoriing ("Tutoring and APA," n.d).
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