Logical Fallacies and Rhetorical Subterfuges

Logical Fallacies, Deductive

• Affirming the consequent
• Denying the antecedent
• Reversed conclusion chain argument
• Begging the question (circular argument)
• Invalid conversion (converting a conditional, converting an A-claim)
• Negative premises syllogism
• Overextended subject (illicit minor)
• Overextended predicate (illicit major)
• Questionable connection (undistributed middle)

Logical Fallacies, Inductive

• Post hoc ergo propter hoc (after that, therefore because of that)
• Cum hoc ergo propter hoc (with that, therefore because of that; confusing correlation with causation)
• Reversed causation
• Appeal to anecdotal evidence
• Hasty generalization
• Unrepresentative sample
• Weak analogy
• Fallacy of division
• Fallacy of composition

Problems of Presumption (may be structured as deduction, induction or explanation)

• Argument from ignorance
• Loaded question
• Wishful thinking
• Exceptionalism
• Unfalsifiable statement
• Intentional fallacy

Problems of Exaggeration

• Euphemism Details
• Dysphemism Details
• Biased comparison Details
• Slanted definition Details
• Stereotype Details
• Hyperbole Details
• Minimizing Details
• Straw man Details
• Sweeping generalization Details
• Slippery slope Details
• Ridicule Details
• Exception error Details
• Selective perception Details

Problems of Explanation

• Untestable statement
• Ad hoc construction
• Circularity
• Irrelevance
• Trivial generality
• Intentional imbalance

Ad Hominem Attacks

• Personal attack
• Inconsistency
• Circumstantial ad hominem
• Poisoning the well
• Genetic fallacy
• Favoritism
• Tu quoque (and you too...)

Problems of Misdirection

• Equivocation
• Red herring
• Smokescreen
• False dilemma
  • Perfectionism
  • Boundary collapse
• Flattery
• Guilt tripping
• Blind revenge
• Oversimplification
• Misplacing the burden of proof
• Might makes right
• Ambiguity
• Reification (hypostatization)
• Obscure evidence
• Innuendo
• Argument from popularity
• Argument from common practice
• Argument from tradition
• Argument from novelty
• Argument from pity
• Argument from envy
• Argument from outrage
• Argument from a plan
• Argument from fear
• Argument from nature