ANTHROPOLOGY 13A1, 13A2, 13-01 & 13-02} SPRING 2001 Guidebook for Human Cultural Diversity	Dr. Charles F. Urbanowicz / Professor of Anthropology
ANTH 13-01} MWF} 9->9:50am in Ayres Hall 106} Please Note ROOM CHANGE to Plumas Hall 102 [TRACS #10175] [NOTE: Also linked} GNED 001-A1 & GNED 001-A2.]	California State University, Chico / Office: Butte 317
ANTH 13-02} MWF} 11->11:50am in Butte Hall 319 [TRACS #10176]	Office Hours} MWF: 10->11am & Mon & Wed} 2->3pm and by appointment; Office Phone: (530) 898-6220 / Dept: (530) 898-6192
e-mail: curbanowicz@csuchico.edu	http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/

© [Copyright: All Rights Reserved] Charles F. Urbanowicz/August 27, 2001} This copyrighted Web Guidebook, printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-FA2001.html, is intended for use by students enrolled at California State University, Chico, in the Fall Semester of 2001 and unauthorized use / reproduction in any manner is definitely prohibited.

DESCRIPTION: The course explores culture as the basis for understanding the human experience, including an examination of cross-cultural diversity. This is an approved General Education course. This is an approved Non-Western course. (The 2001-2003 University Catalog, page 196).

THREE REQUIRED TEXTS:
Spradley & McCurdy, 2000, Conformity And Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology (10th Edition)
George R. Stewart, 1949, Earth Abides.
Charles F. Urbanowicz, Fall 2001 edition, Anthropology 13 Guidebook [also available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-FA2001.html].

RECOMMENDED ITEMS INCLUDE:
Any English Language Dictionary.
William A. Strunk, Jr., 2000, The Elements of Style (4th edition).
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2001.
Anne Fadiman, 1997, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures.

ASSESSMENT: Make-up exams are only allowed IF there has been a documented emergency: likewise, your Writing Assignment is DUE on October 19, 2001 and will ONLY be accepted late IF there has been a documented and extreme emergency: NOTE} failure of your computer to print out the Writing Assignment that morning is not, REPEAT, is not an emergency! In an emergency, please contact Urbanowicz as soon as possible b.e.f.o.r.e. or after the emergency! Please note the following dates (and look at dates & requirements for your other courses):

EXAM I (Friday)	ON September 28, 2001 (25%) at the end of Week 5; based on readings and lectures to September 26, 2001.
WRITING ASSIGNMENT (Friday)	DUE October 19, 2001 (15%) at the end of Week 8.
EXAM II (Friday)	ON November 9, 2001 (25%) at the end of Week 11; based on readings and lectures since October 1, 2001.
THANKSGIVING ---> BREAK!	NOVEMBER 19, 2001 -> NOVEMBER 23, 2001
EXAM III} 13-01} 10->11:50am EXAM III} 13-02} Noon-> 1:50pm	ON MONDAY December 17 (30%); based on readings and lectures since November 12, 2001 and major points and Earth Abides.
CLASS PARTICIPATION	27 August 2001---->14 December 2001 (5%).

THE COURSE is heavily mediated and you are responsible for certain information presented in this manner. Individuals are expected to locate major land masses discussed in lectures, readings, visuals, etc. Each examination has a map component based on the maps in one of the required texts: Anthropology 13 Guidebook. You are also responsible for selected information distributed in any additional handouts that might be distributed for the course. Your Writing Assignment should be approximately 2000 words. The single Writing Assignment must be typed and/or word-processed and double-spaced. PLEASE NOTE: Various WWW addresses are provided and they will be expanded upon throughout the semester, but at this time no examination questions will be based on these WWW locations: they are shared with you for exploration on your own. ALSO NOTE: At various times throughout the semester, this web-page will be updated and you will be responsible for some of the information provided to you in these updates. [The above paragraph contains ~157 words.]

PLEASE CONSIDER: INTERNATIONAL FORUM (SOSC 100-01} #14773) for One Unit every Tuesday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120 and ANTHROPOLOGY FORUM (ANTH 297-01} #10227) for One Unit every Thursday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120.

The Functions of Grading: Underlying the rationale for grades is the theme of communication. Grades communicate one or more of the following functions:

1. To recognize that classroom instructors have the right and responsibility to provide careful evaluation of student performance and the responsibility for timely assignment of appropriate grades;
2. To recognize performance in a particular course;
3. To act as a basis of screening for other courses or programs (including graduate school);
4. To inform you of your level of achievement in a specific course; To stimulate you to learn;
5. To inform prospective employers and others of your achievement.

DEFINITION OF LETTER GRADING SYMBOLS:

A -- Superior Work: A level of achievement so outstanding that it is normally attained by relatively few students.
B -- Very Good Work: A high level of achievement clearly better than adequate competence in the subject matter/skill, but not as good as the unusual, superior achievement of students earning an A.
C -- Adequate Work: A level of achievement indicating adequate competence in the subject matter/skill. This level will usually be met by a majority of students in the class.
D -- Minimally Acceptable Work: A level of achievement which meets the minimum requirements of the course.
F -- Unacceptable Work: A level of achievement that fails to meet the minimum requirements of the course. Not passing.

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A NOT SO BIG SECRET: #1} The information (or "meaning") that you will get out of this course will be in direct proportion to the energy you expend on assignments and requirements: readings, writing, examinations, and thinking assignments. #2} I will try to provide you with new information and ideas every class period!

SPECIAL: Fall 2001 Certain Statements

1. WEEK 1: Beginning August 27, 2001: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE.

2. WEEK 2: 5 & 8 September 2001[Wed & Fri], 2001: WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING? 

3. WEEK 3: September 10, 2001: CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)

SPECIAL: Notes on Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

SPECIAL: Fall 2001 "Current Events"

4. WEEK 4: September 17, 2001: RESEARCH, ECOLOGY, & INTO LANGUAGE

SPECIAL: Anthropology & Cyberspace

5. WEEK 5: September 24, 2001: LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION, & REVIEW, and EXAM I (25%) on Friday, September 28, 2001.

6. WEEK 6: October 1, 2001: ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE (CONTINUED).

SPECIAL: The Nacirema.

7. WEEK 7: October 8, 2001: ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC & RELIGION.

SPECIAL: Writing Assignment Instructions.

SPECIAL: Anthropology Journals at California State University, Chico.

8. WEEK 8: October 15, 2001: ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE & YOUR WRITING ASSIGNMENT (15%) DUE Friday, October 19, 2001.

9. WEEK 9: October 22, 2001: WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE.

10. WEEK 10: October 29, 2001: CULTURE CHANGE, APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY, AND TECHNOLOGY.

11. WEEK 11: November 5, 2001: CULTURE CHANGE CONTINUED AND REVIEW ON WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 7, 2001, and EXAM II (25%) on Friday November 9, 2001.

12. WEEK 12: November 12, 2001: LAW & POLITICS & RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW.

13. FINALLY, THANKSGIVING VACATION BREAK: November 19->23, 2001!

14. WEEK 14: November 26, 2001: CONTINUED CULTURE CHANGE.

15. WEEK 15: December 3, 2001: ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN.

SPECIAL: Words on Pearl Harbor: The Movie

SPECIAL: Notes on Native Americans

16. WEEK 16: December 10, 2001: CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND REVIEW.

17. WEEK 17: EXAM III (30%): ANTH 13-01} Plumas 102} EXAM III (30%) on December 17, 2001, from 10->11:50am; or ANTH 13-02} Butte 319} EXAM III (30%) on December 17, 2001, from Noon->1:50pm.

1. An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

2. A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

3. A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

4. Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

5. Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

6. The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

7. Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

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CERTAIN STATEMENTS COLLECTED by Charles F. Urbanowicz for Fall 2001.

"I say my philosophy, not as claiming authorship of ideas which are widely diffused in modern thought, but because the ultimate selection and synthesis must be a personal responsibility." Sir Arthur Eddington [1882-1944], The Philosophy of Physical Science, 1949: page viii.

"Any teacher who can be replaced by a computer deserves to be!" David Smith; as cited by Mike Cooley, 1999, Human-Centered Design. In Information Design (1999), edited by Robert Jacobson (MIT Press), pages 59-81, page 73.

"Every single thing we do or say, even our inactions, changes the world. We do make a difference. The kind of difference we make is up to us." Julia "Butterfly" Hill, at CSU, Chico, May 2, 2000; in Inside Chico, May 11, 2000, page 3.  

"...I do believe something very magical can happen when you read a good book" [stress added]." Joanne K. Rowling, 1999, Harry Potter Author Reveals The Secret.... In USA Weekend, November 12-14, 1999, page 4.

"How you think about who you are right now has everything to do with what will happen to you in the future." (C.C. Carter, Chico Enterprise-Record, May 6, 1997, page 12A).

"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972: 483.

"Interest is a sense of being involved in some process, actual or potential. ...Interest is not the same as attention. Attention is a simple response to a stimulus--either to a loud bang or (much more powerful) to a feeling of interest. Interest is selective, an expenditure of energy by the interested party. ... Memory is an internally edited record of interests (not of attention, much less of 'events') [stress added]." Henry Hay, 1972, The Amateur Magician's Handbook, pp. 2-3.

"The cutting edge of knowledge is not in the known but in the unknown, not in knowing but in questioning. Facts, concepts, generalizations, and theories are dull instruments unless they are honed to a sharp edge by persistent inquiry about the unknown." Ralph H. Thompson [1911-1987] American Educator.

"We were getting close to the answer and I was beginning to fly. I could feel my brain cells doing a little tap dance of delight. I was half-skipping, excitement bubbling out of me as we crossed the street. 'I love information. I love information. Isn't this great? God, it's fun...'" The character Kinsey Milhone, in Sue Grafton, 1990, "G" Is For Gumshoe, page 277.

"It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities." The character Albus Dumbledore to Harry Potter in Harry Potter And the Chamber of Secrets, 1998, by Joanne K. Rowling, page 333.

"The university is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas [stress added]." Clark Kerr, in Vance Packard, 1964, The Naked Society [1965 Cardinal paperback edition], page 99.

"Amaze me with your stories. Thrill me with your experiences. Astound me with your brilliance. Convince me with your passion. Show excitement. Intrigue. Anything--just don't bore me with another computer graphics presentation [stress added]." Clifford Stoll, 1999, High-Tech Heretic: Why Computers Don't Belong in the Classroom and Other Refledctions by a Computer Contrarian (NY: Doubleday), page 183.

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WEEK 1: BEGINNING August 27, 2001

I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE: COURSE ORGANIZATION & PLANNING.

An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A. Please familiarize yourself with the format in this Guidebook.
B. Please look at the Department Goals, Reading Assignments, Outline for each Day, Web Sites/Words/Terms, and Film Notes: There really are NO surprises in this course!
C. READ THE FILM NOTES in this Guidebook before the films are shown in class.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2000, Conformity And Conflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Culture and the Contemporary World" [Overview], pages 3-11.
"Culture and Ethnography" by S&M, pages 13-17.
"Ethnography and Culture" by James P. Spradley, pages 19-26.
"Kinship and Family" [Overview], pages 190-193.
"Law and Politics" by S&M, pages 271-273.

III. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO?

On Reese Witherspoon: "...says her secret ambition is to be an anthropologist. She says she did some fieldwork along those lines by...." Richard Schickel, 2001, Steel Behind The Smile. Time, August 6, 2001, page 58.

"To Speak of all kinds of things" ["hais cuaj txub kaum txub"] "It is often used at the beginning of an oral narrative as a way of reminding the listeners that the world is full of things that may not seem to be connected but actually are; that no event occurs in isolation; that you can miss a lot by sticking to the point; and that the story-teller is likely to be rather long winded." Anne Fadiman, 1997, The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, And The Collision of Two Cultures (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), pages 12-13.

A. For a MASSIVE Anthropology site [my term for it], please see: http://www.unipv.it/webbio/dfantrop.htm as well as Anthropology Resources on the Internet and the local: http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/anthropology/anthropology.html; and http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/anthro.htm [Anthropology "jumping off" point at CSU, Chico], as well as http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/ [The Silicon Valley Cultures Project].

"Open your discourse with a jest, and let your hearers laugh a little; then become serious." (Talmud: Shabbath. 30b)

"A picture shows me at a glance what it takes dozens of pages of a book to expound." (Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev [1818-1838], Fathers and Sons (1862), Chapter 16.

"Anthropology--From Greek anthropos (man) and logia (study)--is the systematic wonder about and the scientific study of humans. Wonder about humans is probably as old as man [and woman!], Homo sapiens." Morris Freilich, 1983, The Pleasure of Anthropology, page x.

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

"Lisa, get away from that jazzman! Nothing personal. I just fear the unfamiliar [stress added]." Marge Simpson, February 11, 1990, Moaning Lisa. Matt Groening et al., 1997, The Simpsons: A Complete Guide To Our Favorite Family (NY: HarperCollins), page 22.

"The most important skill for almost everyone in the next decade and beyond will be the ability to create valuable, compelling, and empowering information and experiences for others. To do this, we must learn established ways of organizing and presenting data and information as well as develop new ones [stress added]." Nathan Shedroff, 1999, Information Interaction Design: A Unified Field Theory of Design. In Information Design (1999), edited by Robert Jacobson (MIT Press), pages 267-292, page 267.

"He had a term for people like this: temporal provincials--people who were ignorant of the past, and proud of it. Temporal provincials were convinced that the present was the only time that mattered, and that anything that had occured earlier could be safely ignored. The modern world was compelling and new, and the past had no bearing on it." Michael Crichton, 1999, Timeline (Ballantine Books November 2000 Paperback), page 84.

C.F. Urbanowicz writes: "All in all, anthropology is fun! I enjoy what I do and in a few words, I honestly believe that teaching should be fun. I will use any 'hard' anthropological data available to get the anthropological message across and any 'soft' fictional data (or ideas) which are also appropriate" [stress added]." Charles F. Urbanowicz, 2000, Mnemonics, Quotations, Cartoons, And A Notebook: "Tricks" For Appreciating Cultural Diversity. Strategies For Teaching Anthropology (Edited by Patricia C. Rice and David W. McCurdy) [NJ: Prentice Hall], pages 132-140, page 137. IF you are curious, see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/TeachingT.html]

B. Please see Create Your Own Newspaper (http://crayon.net/using/links.html) as well as http://orion.csuchico.edu and if you are interested in "Anthropology In The News" glance at http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html.
C. Text(s), Assignments, Examinations (Three), and Grading
D. How to "use" this Guidebook, Film Notes, and various WWW "addresses" shared with you. NOTE THE FOLLOWING taken from Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999 (1998, pages 8-9):

"Guidebooks are $15 tools for $3,000 experiences. Many otherwise smart people base the trip of a lifetime on a borrowed copy of a three-year-old guidebook. The money they saved in the bookstore was wasted the first day of their trip, searching for hotels and restaurants long since closed. When I visit someplace as a rank beginner--a place like Belize or Sri Lanka--I equip myself with a good guidebook and expect myself to travel smart. I travel like an old pro, not because I'm a super traveler, but because I have good information and use it. I'm a connoisseur of guidebooks. My trip is my child. I love her. And I give her the best tutors money can buy. Too many people are penny-wise and pound-foolish when it comes to information. ... All you need is a good guidebook covering your destination. Before buying a book, study it. How old is the information? The cheapest books are often the oldest--no bragain. Who wrote it? What's the author's experience? Does the book work for you--or the tourist industry? Does it specialize in hard opinions--or superlatives? For whom is it written? Is it readable? It should have personality without chattiness and information without fluff. Don't believe everything you read. The power of the printed word is scary. Most books are peppered with information that is flat-out wrong. Incredibly enough, even this book may have an error" [stress added]." Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999 (1998, pages 8-9).

E. Desired Outcomes of the Course: for you and for me!

"An estimated one-third of the students who start out in high school in California do not graduate with their peers four years later....California public schools had 437,974 students enrolled in ninth grade in 1995l four years later, 299,221 students graduated - a 68.3 percent graduation rate [stress added]." Deb Kollars, The Sacramento Bee, June 9, 2000, page 1.

"Experts call this new field 'cognitive computing,' a blend of behavioral sciences and computer science. Some Web developers now employ staffs of psychologists, sociologists, and cultural anthropologists, along with the requisite software engineers, to create Web interfaces that are tailor-made for a particular market, or, in some instances, for an individual customer's consciousness. 'You have to be a student of human behavior to be an effective e-commerce developer...you have to tailor content to those differences online [stress added].'" (Gene Koprowski, 1998, The (New) Hidden Persuaders. The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 1998, page R10.)

"The palest ink is better than the best memory." (Chinese proverb) and "The ear is a less trustworthy witness than the eye." (Herodotus [c.485-426 B.C.], The Histories of Herodotus, Book 1, Chapter 8).

"You are the only person whom you will be with for the rest of your life, so you should learn to be at peace with who you are and how valuable you are in God's eyes." James Finn Garner as cited in Rachel Chandler, 1998, The Most Important Lessons In Life: Letters To A Young Girl, page 48.

You might be interested in the following which appeared in the San Francisco Examiner on July 4, 1999:

"For many Bay Area students, Independence Day means hot dogs, family picnics, fireworks--and not much else. Out of four dozen teens quizzed in an informal survey in San Francisco, Concord and Pacifica, most knew that the Fourth of July had something to do with America's independence, but less than half could name the country from which we won our freedom. 'Japan or something. China. Somewhere out there on the other side of the world,' said... [a 14 year old and a 17 year old added:] It's like freedom. Some war was fought and we won, so we got our freedom.' As to which country we had been fighting, 'I don't know.... I don't, even, like, have a clue [said a 17 year old 1999 high school graduate]. 'It wouldn't be Canada, would it?' guessed [a 13 year old high school freshman].... 'We're not in school right now, so you asked the wrong kids.' The unscientific survey was conducted at Stonestown Galleria in San Francisco, Sunvalley Mall in Concord and the Linda Mar shopping center in Pacifica. Many of those who correctly identified England as our adversary in the Revolutionary War did so only after some thought. 'Was it somewhere in Europe, like France? Germany? Russia? Let me think' [said a 17 year old 1999 high school graduate].... 'Wasn't it Great Britain? I just had to think.' 'I'm gonna have to go with Spain' [said a 14 year old high school freshman and someone else].... correctly answered that we fought the Revolutionary War before World War II. But was it before or after the Civil War? ... couldn't say. 'After. I think it was after' [said a 14 year old friend and a 19 year old high school graduate] ... who declined to give his last name, said he knew we celebrate the Fourth because it's Independence Day. But the country we were fighting with? 'That I don't (know),' he said. 'I want to say Korea. I'm tripping.' Asked how long ago it might have been...took a guess. 'Like 50 years,' he said. One student wondered aloud whether the Fourth of July was somehow related to Pearl Harbor. Another was not sure whether our independence came before or after the Vietnam War. ... A 1994 study of several thousand eighth- and 12th-graders across the country tested the students' knowledge of basic history. Thirty-nine percent of eighth graders scored at a level considered below their basic proficiency; an even higher number--57 percent--of high school seniors scored below the basic level. The study was conducted by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics. Adults may do better. According to a Gallup Poll conducted last weekend, a majority of Americans can correctly identify what the Fourth of July is all about. When asked to name the country from which we gained our independence, 76 percent correctly named Great Britain or England. Nineteen percent were unsure. The results were based on telephone interviews of a randomly selected national sample of 1,016 adults [stress added]." (Emily Gurnon, 1999, Fourth of July: Kids Unclear on Concept. San Francisco Examiner, July 4, pages 1 and A9.)

AND with the above in mind, please consider the following:

"Nearly 80 percent of senior at 55 top colleges and universities--including Harvard and Princeton--received a D or F on a 34-question, high-school level American history test that contained historical references....'These students are allowed to graduate as if they didn't know the past existed [stress added].'...." Anon, 2000, American History Quiz Stumps Many College Seniors. San Francisco Chronicle, June 28, 2000, page A3.

"Many college students are crushed under a burden of credit card debt, which can cause serious financial trouble particularly in repaying student loans, congressional investigators conclude in a study released Tuesday [July 17, 2001]. ... Roughly half of college graduates leave school with an average $19,400 in student loans, according to the report." Marcy Gordon, 2001, Study Cites Risks of Students' Debt. The Sacramento Bee, July 18, 2001, page D6.

IV. CULTURE AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]." Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

"California has leapfrogged past France, becoming the world's fifth-largest economy. Last year, California was only surpassed in economic muscle by the United States as a whole, Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom, according to figures released Wednesday by the Los Angeles Economic Development Corp. [stress added]." Anon., 2001, The Enterprise-Record, June 16, 2001, page 1.

A. The Concept of Culture & Basic Cultural Diversity: ABCs.
B. The Sub-disciplines of Anthropology

"...it seems plain and self-evident, yet it needs to be said: the isolated knowledge obtained by a group of specialists in a narrow field [or an individual researcher] has in itself no value whatsoever, but only in its synthesis with all the rest of knowledge and only inasmuch as it really contributes in this synthesis something toward answering the demand 'who are we?'" 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961)

V. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY / FIELD METHODS: WHAT WE DO
A. Fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and Spring 1997 sabbatical research and....
B. VIDEO: Comments on the Yanomamo of South America (and see http://www.evoyage.com/Aggression.htm as well as http://www.uwgb.edu/~galta/mrr/yano/yano7.htm).
C. Comments on "Cyberspace! [below in the electronic Guidebook] and indigenous societies.
D. And See: http://www.si.edu/ [Smithsonian Institution] and specifically the http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/start.htm#anthro [Anthropology "button"] and http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture-index.html [Culture] as well as http://www.ncl.ac.uk/~nktg/wintro/ [Archaeology: An Introduction by Kevin Greene] and http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html [on-going research at Çatalhöyük, Turkey].

VI. WHAT IS SCIENCE? / PERSPECTIVE(S)

"How sad that so many people seem to think that science and religion are mutually exclusive [stress added]." Jane Goodall [with Phillip Berman], 1999, Reason For Hope: A Spiritual Journey (NY: Warner Books), page 174.

"In looking at science, life, and my fellow human beings, my mind in an undisciplined way detects the cosmic within the nitty gritty and the trivial within the infinite. I believe that deep and important issues should be approached with sufficient good humor to keep us from regarding our mutable opinions as eternal truths. While not ignoring the real tragedy in the world, I feel it important to concentrate on hope. Given the existential dilemma of forever unanswered questions about our universe, I believe that joy is more fun than sadness and no further from the elusive reality of things. In short, it should be possible to be profound without being boring or being afflicted with malaise [stress added]." Harold J. Morowitz, 1979, The Wine Of Life And Other Essays On Societies, Energy & Living Things, page ix-x.

"Science is a public undertaking with many filters that a claim must pass through before it's accepted as part of the current conventional wisdom. Two of the most important of those filters are the refereeing process for scientific articles and the repeatability test for experimental results [stress added]." John L. Castin, 2000, Paradigms Regained: A Further Exploration of the Mysteries of Modern Science (Harper Collins/William Morrow), page 11.

ARE YOU AWARE OF?: http://www.csuchico.edu/lins/chicorio/ [Chico Rio - Research Instruction On-Line]:

"ChicoRIO is a series of Web based, self-paced lessons designed to help you learn how to find information. The tutorials will help you sharpen your research, critical thinking, and term paper writing skills. ChicoRIO also links to campus computing resources and a tour of the Meriam Library. The sections of ChicoRIO can be completed in any order."

VII. INDIVIDUALS WHO MIGHT BE CONSIDERING A MAJOR in Anthropology should make an appointment with the Anthropology Department Chairman (Dr. Frank Bayham, Butte Hall 311; phone 530-898-6192). Urbanowicz is the the Advisor for the Minor in Anthropology.) You might also be interested in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968) [REF/H40/A2I/5] AND the Annual Review of Anthropology [GN/1/B52] as well as Archaeological Method And Theory (edited by Schiefer) [CC/A242/Vol 1, 1989->], AND the Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology (Edited by D. Levinson and M. Ember) [ref/GN/307/E52/1996]), AS WELL AS the various miscellaneous publications and journals available in Butte 305 (Ethnographic Laboratory). (Incidentally, you might find information on the Annual Review of Anthropology at this URL: http://www.jstor.org/journals/00846570.html.) and in this class you will eventually learn about:

"The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography, available on the web, is a small but growing collection of HRAF full text and graphical materials supplemented, in some cases, with additional research through approximately the 1980's. The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography includes approximately 48 cultures, and regular additions are planned." See http://www.hti.umich.edu/e/ehraf/.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages; its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is too large to enable members to trace actual biological links to all other members.

CONSANGUINITY: The principle of relationship linking individuals by shared ancestry (blood).

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of making and carrying out public policy according to cultural categories and rules.

SHAMAN: A part-time religious specialist who controls supernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course of life's events.

SLASH AND BURN: A form of horticulture in which wild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and revert to its wild state.

TELECONDITIONING: Behavior developed from watching television that includes talking to the TV set, getting up for snacks or to go to the bathroom, simultaneously pursuing other activities such as reading, and being periodically inattentive, and is applied to other social situations such as watching films in a theater or attending lectures at a University.

NOTE FROM April 9, 2001: "A Brazilian government expedition has made contact with members of an Amazon Indian tribe never before exposed to Western culture, a local news agency said yesterday. The Tsohon-djapa tribe lives in an area known as the Vale do Javari, wedged between two Amazon river tributaries, the Jutai and Jandiatuba rivers. The area is home to about a dozen tribes that have had little exposure to modern society [stress added]." [source: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/]

Napoleon Chagnon points out that the Yanomamo population is probably around 10,000. These were distributed in approximately 125 widely scattered villages, with the population in each village ranging from 40 to 250 individuals. ..."Yanomamo culture, in its major focus, reverses the meaning of 'good' and 'desirable' as phrased in the ideal postulates of the Judaic-Christian tradition. A high capacity for rage, a quick flash point, and a willingness to use violence to obtain one's ends are considered desirable traits. Much of the behavior of the Yanomamo can be described as brutal, cruel, treacherous, in the value-laden terms of our own vocabulary. The Yanomamo themselves...do not at all appear to be mean and treacherous. As individuals they seem to be people playing their own cultural game....this is a study of a fierce people who engage in chronic warfare. It is also a study of a system of controls that usually hold in check the drive towards annihilation." (Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, 1968) ... "The most distinctive feature of Yanomamo technology is that it is very direct. No tool or technique is complicated enough to require specialized labor or raw materials. Each village, therefore, can produce every item of material culture it requires from the jungle resources around it. ... The jungle provides numerous varieties of food, both animal and vegetable. ... Although the Yanomamo spend almost as much time hunting as they do gardening, the bulk of their diet comes from foods that are cultivated. Perhaps 85 percent or more of their diet consists of domesticated rather than wild foods...." (Napoleon Chagnon, The Fierce People, 1968: 21-33)

VIDEO MISC: Alliances, feasts, trading: "Alliances between villages are the product of a developmental sequence that involves casual trading, mutual feasting, and finally the exchange of women. ... The feast and the alliance can and often do fail to establish stable, amicable relationships between sovereign villages. ... Yanomamo warfare proper is the raid."

WHY STUDY PEOPLE?: "At the lower end of the scale of salt users [for example!] is a tribe called the Yanomamo, who dwell in the forests of southern Venezuela and consist of an estimated 20,000 people who live by subsistence farming in small villages. They are one of the few remaining tribes unaffected [!] by Western culture. ... The Yanomamo eat virtually no salt at all. Researchers observed 46 members of this tribe who were in their 40s, and found they had an average blood pressure of only 103/65. Another Amazonian tribe, the Carajas, take in little salt, calculated to be half a gram a day, and the average blood pressure of ten of their middle-aged people was slightly lower at 101/69. (The longevity of these people is not recorded, but if there is a link between salt, blood pressure and lifespand then we can assume they will probably all live to be a hundred.) John Emsley, 1998, Molecules At An Exhibition: Portraits Of Intriguiging Materials in Everyday Life, page 38)

"A nation's diet can be more revealing than its art or literature. On any given day in the United States about one-quarter of the adult population vists a fast food restaurant. During a relatively brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet, but also our landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture [stress added]." Eric Schlosser, 2001, Fast Food Nation (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 3.

NOTE: "An overwhelming amount of preventable disease in modern societies results from the devastating effects of a high-fat diet. Strokes and heart attacks, the greatest causes of early death in some social groups, result from arteries clogged with atherosclerotic lesions. ... The single thing most people can do to improve their health is to cut the fat content of their diets [stress added]." Randolph M. Nesse & George C. Williams, 1994, Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, pages 148-149)

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WEEK 2: September 5 [Wed] & September 7 [Fri], 2001

I. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING? (CONTINUED) (Please see Europe http://www.culture.fr/gvpda.htm [20,000 year old cave paintings] and the Society for California Archaeology [http://www.scanet.org/] and "Evolution in China" (http://www.cruzio.com/~cscp/index.htm) and http://www.archaeology.org.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2000, Conformity And Conflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Economic Systems" [Overview], pages 152-155.
"The Kayapo Resistance" by Terrence Turner, pages 368-385.
"Reciprocity and the Power of Giving" by Lee Cronk, pages 157-163.
"Using Anthropology" by David W. McCurdy, pages 386-398.
"Career Advice for Anthropology Undergraduates" by John T. Omohundro, pages 399-409.

III. PLEASE THINK ABOUT finding "meaningful patterns in the data" such as:
A. Contemporary American Culture
B. "100 percent American" (please see below for this week in this Guidebook).
C. Interested in your instructor? (Home page and lengthy résumé)
D. Interested in the Department of Anthropology at CSU, Chico?

IV. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY
A. What Is Culture?
B. Human Biological Diversity / Taxonomy and the Primate Order
C. ANY Significance to: O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N, ?.
D. ANY Significance to: Keith Moon, John Bonham, Karen Carpenter?

"The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 65)

"In addition to solving puzzles, science also builds understanding by revealing the properties of the world and the relationships between them. Here again, the methods that scientists employ find widespread use in everyday life. From infancy onward, each person measures and classifies the properties of unfamiliar objects in order to integrate them into a larger worldview--from a ten-month-old learning to stack blocks, to Charles Darwin cataloging specimens aboard the Beagle [stress added]." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 177.

"Understanding history is a way of understanding the present. In a changing world it is important to recognise the characteristics which identify us as the social individuals that we are. Globalisation need not be a problem if we understand our identity, and if we are capable of understanding our past we can then build on that [stress added]." Parque Histórico Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1999.

"Literacy can imply more than the ability to read. It can mean having a knowledge of one's history, of one's origins; having a world view that is indigenous to one's people and not imposed by others [stress added]." Josephine Donovan, 2001, Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions, 3rd edition (New York/London: Continuum). From the preface to the first edition of 1985, page 15.

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY = the science of placing the "chain" or "tree" of the pieces together. It "has been one of the most argumentative of sciences since its beginning. ... It is a heart-quickening thought that we share the same genetic heritage with the hands that shaped the tool that we can now hold in our own hands, and with the mind that decided to make the tool that our minds can now contemplate [stress added]." (Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, Origins, 1977: 8.

V. APPROPRIATE VISUALS

"A sky survey has finally helped to determine the size of the largest structures in the universe, clusters of galaxies about 200 million light-years across. In the hierarchy of cosmological objects, planets orbit stars, stars belong to galaxies, galaxies belong to clusters. ... A map representative of the 2dF results resides at msowww.anu.edu.au/2dFGRS/Public/Pics/2dFzcone.gif on the web. It shows galaxies as blue dots and leaves voides in black." Dan Vergano, 2000, 100,000 galaxies clustered in two slices of surveyed sky. USA Today, June 8, 2000, page 11D.

"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he [or she!] contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structures of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity [stress added]." Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

A. VIDEO: THE MAN HUNTERS (Please see Video Notes Below):

"Human being are the result of the same evolutionary process that produced the entire vast diversity of living things. Yet we cannot help but think of ourselves as somehow significantly 'different' from the rest of nature." Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 78.

"New DNA study supports African origin of Humans." The Sacramento Bee, December 7, 2000, page B6.

"Childhood rickets--a bone-softening disease that had become so rare the government stopped keeping statistics on it--is making a comeback, in part because some youngsters are not getting enought sunlight, health officials say. ... The resurgence has been seen particularly aomng children breast-fed by African American mothers. Dark-skinned people absorb less sunlight." Associated Press. The San Francisco Chronicle, Friday March 30, 2001

B. Brief Introduction to Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

"He was an Englishman who went on a five-year voyage when he was young and then retired to a house in the country, not far from London. He wrote an account of his voyage, and then he wrote a book setting down his theory of evolution, based on a process he called natural selection, a theory that provided the foundation for modern biology. He was often ill and never left England again [stress added]." John P. Wiley, Jr., 1998, Expressions: The Visible Link. Smithsonian, June, pages 22-24, page 22.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: The categories and rules people use to classify and explain their physical environment.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

DIFFUSION: The passage of a cultural category, culturally defined behavior, or culturally produced artifact from one society to another through borrowing.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or more mental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitatively different from existing forms.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple and their children.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

"Our solid American citizen awakens in a bed built on a pattern which originated in the Near East but which was modified in Northern Europe before it was transmitted to America. He [or she] throws back covers made from cotton, domesticated in India, or linen, domesticated in the Near East, or wool from sheep, also domesticated in the Near East, or silk, the use of which was discovered in China. All of these materials have been spun and woven by processes invented in the Near East. He slips into his moccasins, invented by the Indians of the eastern woodlands, and goes to the bathroom, whose fixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions, both of recent date. He takes off his pajamas, a garment invented in India, and washes with soap invented by the ancient Gauls. He then shaves, a masochistic rite which seems to have been derived from either Sumer or ancient Egypt.

Returning to the bedroom, he removes his clothes from a chair of southern European type and proceeds to dress. He puts on garments whose form originally derived from the skin clothing of the nomads of the Asiatic steppes, puts on shoes made from skins tanned by a process invented in ancient Egypt and cut to a pattern derived from the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, and ties around his neck a strip of bright-colored cloth which is a vestigial survival of the shoulder shawls worn by the seventeenth-century Croatians. Before going out for breakfast he glances through the windows, made of glass invented in Egypt, and if it is raining puts on overshoes made of rubber discovered by the Central American Indians and takes an umbrella, invented in southeastern Asia. Upon his head he puts a hat made of felt, a material invented in the Asiatic steppes.

On his way to breakfast he stops to buy a paper, paying for it with coins, an ancient Lydian invention. At the restaurant a whole new series of borrowed elements confronts him. His plate is made of a form of pottery invented in China. His knife is of steel, an alloy first made in southern India, his fork a medieval Italian invention, and his spoon a derivative of a Roman original. He begins breakfast with an orange, from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia, or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. With this he has coffee, an Abyssinian plant, with cream and sugar. Both the domestication of cows and the idea of milking them originated in the Near East, while sugar was first made in India. After his fruit and first coffee he goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these he pours maple syrup, invented by the Indians of the eastern Woodlands. As a side dish he may have the eggs of a species of bird domesticated in Indo-China, or thin strips of the flesh of an animal domesticated in Eastern Asia which have been salted and smoked by a process developed in northern Europe.

When our friend has finished eating he settles back to smoke, an American Indian habit, consuming a plant domesticated in Brazil in either a pipe, derived from the Indians of Virginia, or a cigarette, derived from Mexico. If he is hardy enough he may even attempt a cigar, transmitted to us from the Antilles by way of Spain. While smoking, he reads the news of the day, imprinted in characters invented by the ancient Semites upon a material invented in China by a process invented in Germany. As he absorbs the accounts of foreign troubles, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deity in an Indo-European language that he is 100 percent American."

"Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.

Les Eyzies-De-Tayax-Sireuil = "The science of prehistory originated in this village....The first drawing of a mammoth was discovered here along with the first skeleton of Cro-Magnon Man, 30,000 years ago." Anon., 1988, The Hachette Guide To France (NY: Pantheon Books), page 111.

"The Dordogne River twisted in loops like a brown snake in the valley it had cut hundreds of thousands of years before." Michael Crichton, 1999, Timeline (Ballantine Books November 2000 Paperback), page 43.

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing The Origin of Species [published in 1859!],which would popularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, the fossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature were discovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." Erik Trinkaus and Pat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image of Mankind .

"Neanderthals and modern humans not only coexisted for thousands of years along ago, as anthropologists have established, but now their little secret is out: they also cohabited. At least that is the interpretation being made by paleontologists who have examined the 24,500-year-old skeleton of a young boy recently in a shallow grave in Portugal. Bred in the boy's bones seemed to be a genetic heritage part Neanderthal, part early Homo sapiens. He was a hybrid, they concluded, and the first strong physical evidence of interbreeding between the groups in Europe." John N. Wilford, 1999, Homo Sapiens May Be Related to Neanderthals. San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 1999, page A4. 

"Fighting in China following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 resulted in a paleoanthropological disaster. The largest and most complete collection of human fossil remains--unearthed at Zhoukoudian, near Beijing--vanished after being entrusted to a platoon of U.S. Marines on its way to the harbor of Tianjin." Jean-Jacques Hublin, 1999, The Quest For Adam. Archaeology, July/August, pages 26-35, page 26.

"Jia Lanpo, one of China's leading archaeologists and a director of the Peking Man excavation, died July 8 [2001] at his home in Beijing. He was 92. As director of the fossil site at Zhoukoudian, 30 miles southwest of Beijing, Jia helped discover the first Chinese hominid fossils, dating from the Pleistocene Era, which began 1.8 million years ago. ... Most of the remains were lost in World War II. In an attempt to safeguard them from Japanese invaders, U.S. Marines tried to deliver them to a U.S.-bound ship and eventually to the American Museum of natural History. What happened to them remains a mystery." (New York Times} July 21, 2001, The Sacramento Bee, page B5.)

Charles F. Hockett, 1973, Man's Place in Nature, page 387 [CSUChico GN/31/H6] ="range" of cranial capacity: Modern Man [Homo sapiens] 850 to 1700+ cubic centimeters; Neanderthal 1200 to 1640 cc.; Homo erectus 775 to 1225 cc.; Australopithecus 435 to 700 cc.; Gorillas 340 to 752 cc.; and Chimpanzees 320 to 420 cc.

PLEASE NOTE:

"Evolution does not make predictions, species don't know where they're going, humans did not have to evolve. In fact, if we were to rewind the tape to ten million years ago, when apes dominated the primate world, there would be no assurance that humans would evolve again. But humans have evolved, we are here today. Like no other species that has ever lived, we control the life of all living things--including ourselves. When we understand and accept that we are part of the continuum of life, we will be in a better position to make informed choices--choices which will ensure a better world for all species. Extinction is forever. We must not let it happen. Education is the great liberator. It frees us to think objectively. My studies of human evolution have taught me to respect the natural world. They have also taught me that all humans have a common origin and, therefore, a common destiny--the outcome of which will be determined by humankind itself. We do have the capacity to make the future a long and fruitful one, if only we will take the time to learn who we are and how we fit into the natural world [stress added]. (Donald C. Johanson, 1993, from the "Forward" to Ian Tattersall's 1993, The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution (Prentice Hall), page xiii.

"A Hmong proverb observes: 'One stick cannot cook a meal or build a fence.'" Anne Fadiman, 1997, The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, And The Collision of Two Cultures (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), page 197.

"When a group of individuals becomes a 'we,' a harmonious whole, then the highest is reached that humans as creatures can reach." Albert Einstein [1879-1955].

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WEEK 3: September 10, 2001

I. CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED) & Monkeys, Apes, and Man Video (and see the Wisconsin Primate research site at http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/) or the University of California, Davis at http://www.crprc.ucdavis.edu/crprc/homepage.html, and http://www.gorilla.org/index.html [The Gorilla Foundation], or http://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/main.html [The Primate Gallery], and http://www.janegoodall.org/ [Jane Goodall]; (and have a look at Professor Turhon Murad, CSU, Chico, and his "Skull Module" located at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html).

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought and major issues in the subdisciplines.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2000, Conformity And Conflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Lessons from the Field" by George Gmelch, pages 45-55.
"Teleconditioning and the Postmodern Classroom" by Konrad Kottak, pages 92-97.
"Baseball Magic" by George Gmelch, pages 322-331.

III. PRIMATES
A. MODERN HUMANS

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): "Latinized form of Carl von Linné. Swedish naturalist and physician. His botanical work Systema naturae 1735 contained his system for classfiying plants into groups depending on shared characteristics (such as the number of stamens in flowers), providing a much-needed framework for identification. He also devised the concise and precise system for naming plants and animals, using one Latin (or Latinized) word to represent the genus and a second to distinguish the species." Sarah Jenkins Jones (Editor), 1996, Random House Webster's Dictionary of Scientists, page 299.

"If today's students want to understand how scientists mapped the human genetic code,they won't get much help from their high school textbooks, a group of scientists and educators said Tuesday. ... They said the books ... missed the big picture. They don't flesh out the four basic ideas driving today's research: how cells work, how matter and energy flow from one source to another, how plants and animals evolve and the molecular basis of heredity. ... the books do not encourage students to examine their ideas or relate lessons to hands-on experiments and everyday life....[stress added]." Anon., 2000, Report calls science texts flawed. The Sacramento Bee, June 28, 2000, page A12.

"Twelve of the most popular science textbooks used at middle schools nationwide are riddled with errors, a new study has found. Researchers compiled 500 pages of errors, ranging from the equator passing through the southern United States to a photo of Linda Ronstadt labeled as a silicon crystal. None of the 12 textbooks has an acceptable level of accuracy....estimated that about 85 percent of children in the United States used the textbooks examined....'They just don't seem to understand what science is about" [stress added]." Associated Press, 2001, The Sacramento Bee, January 15, 2001, page A7.

"Often Gary's [Larson] cartoons help us to see things with a new perspective, above all to realize that we humans, after all, are just one species among many, just one small part of the wondrous animal kingdom. ... Crazy. Absurd. Yet it all helps to put us humans in our place. And we desperately need putting in our place [stress added]." Jane Goodall. 1995, Foreward. The Far Side Gallery 5 (Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel), no page number [pages 5-8, pages 6-7].

"Research shows that kids these days are growing up faster and earlier than the Leave It To Beaver bunch. They're techno-wizard multi-taskers with more computing power at their fingertips than was used to get Apollo 11 [July 1969] to the moon. And they're media-savvy, with cable in their bedrooms, cellphones in their backpacks and 15 PC windows open at a time for instant messaging [stress added]." Ann Oldenburg, 2000, Kid-Fluence. USA Today, December 29, 2000, pages E1 and E2, page E1.

"Self-centered creatures that we are, we pay the greatest amount of attention to our own evolution. Like moneys, apes, lemurs, and tarsiers, we are primates. Our closest living relative is the chimpanzee. Humans and chimpanzees are genetically very close. They share about 98.5 percent of their DNA. But we are not, of course, descended from chimpanzees or from any other living ape. The human and ape lines diverged about five million years ago. In other words, humans and apes have a common ancestor, and both have been evolving for 5 million years since the split [stress added]." Richard Morris, 2001, The Evolutionists: The Struggle for Darwin's Soul (NY: W.H. Freeman and Co.), page 34.

B. NATURAL SELECTION: "The process of differential survival and reproduction that results in changes in gene frequencies and in the characteristics that the genes encode." Paul W. Ewald, 1994, Evolution of Infectious Disease, page 220.

"For the first time, a vaccine protected monkeys against the lethal Ebola virus, raising doctors' hopes of developing a means of innoculating people against the terrifying disease." November 30, 2000, The San Francisco Chronicle, page A3.

"Alarmed by the growing ability of disease-causing microbes to fight off once-effective drugs, the World Health Organization warned Monday that the medical and veterinary professions must use antibiotics and other medicines more wisely or face the likelihood they will not effectively combat disease in the future [stress added]." Marc Kaufman, 2000, World Health Organization Warns of Antibiotic Misuse. The Sacramento Bee, June 13, 2000, page A6.

"About 70% of the antibiotics produced in the USA each year - nearly 25 million pounds in all - are fed to healthy pigs, chickens and cattle to prevent disease or speed growth, says a report released Monday [January 8, 2001]. Such 'excessive' use of antibiotics in livestock is contributing ...[to] many of the microbes that plague humans....[stress added]." Anita Manning, 2001, Healthy Livestock Given More Antibiotics Than Ever. USA Today, January 9, 2001, page 8D

"In a frustrating development in the medical fight against drug-resistant bacteria, scientists report that the first entirely new type of antibiotic [Zyvox] in 35 years has been beaten by a super-germ little more than a year after the drug was introduced. Researchers at Harvard Medical School describe in the Lancet medical journal this week...." Associated Press, The San Francisco Chronicle, July 20, 2001, page A3.

C. CONTROVERSY: The "Scopes Trial" of July 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee:

On Clarence Darrow (1857-1938): "He had a tremendous lust for life, yet he came about as close to living according to the Sermon on the Mount as could any man trying to earn his way in a competetive world. He was a man with all the faults, shortcomings and inadequacies of a man, but he was a civilized human being in that he could not endure to see his fellow human being suffer. His quarrel had never been with religion itself but with those creeds which turned their backs on education and science; his quarrel with these forms of worship was on the ground that they operated against the welfare of their own people." Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow: For The Defense (NY: Bantam), page 275.

from: The World's Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case (1925) (1990 Reprint Edition published by Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee), page 87; the court transcript points out that Clarence Darrow said: "If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in the public school, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools, and the next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers. Soon you may set Catholic against Protestant and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the minds of men. If you can do one you can do the other. Ignorance and fanaticism is ever busy and needs feeding. Always it is feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers, tomorrow the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After while, your honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind [stress added]."

IV. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY and Darwin Cont. (1809-1882) (and please see: http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/darwin/darwinov.html (Overview), http://www.wonderland.org/Works/Charles-Darwin/ as well as Darwin's Home: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/museum/Downhse/ not to mention "Darwin Takes A Drubbing" (http://www.abcnews.com/sections/science/DailyNews/evolution980617.html).

"Thomas Jefferson [1743-1826] is very often cited as the 'father' of American archaeology, and he certainly attempted one of the first archaeological explanations of the question ["Who Got here First?"] when he wrote in his famous 'Notes on Virginia' (1787) about an Indian mound that he had excavated many years before. However, his strongest evidence to support his belief in an Asian origin (via the Bering Strait) of the Native Americans was from his study of Indian languages. He cited the diversity of these languages as proof that they had been here a long time [stress added]." Stephen William, 1992, Who Got To America First? Anthropology Explored: The Best Of Smithsonian Anthro Notes, 1998, edited by Ruth O. Selig and Marilyn R. London, pages 141-149, page 144.

"The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see." Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965], 1953 Nobel Prize Winner in Literature and "In the field of observation, chance only favors those who are prepared." Louis Pasteur [1822-1895]

"The entertainment industry took another hit Tuesday [December 12, 2000]--this time from a group of health care professionals who concluded in a study that television shows, movies, music, video games and the Internet are contributing to youth violence in America [stress added]." Marlene Cimons, Hollywood violence blasted: Health care professionals see link to youth destructiveness. The Sacramento Bee, December 13, 2000, page A8.

"A study released Wednesday [August 1, 2001] by a conservative watchdog group found that the volume of sexual material on television during the so-called family hour from 8 to 9 p.m. had declined--but what remains is increasingly explicit. References to oral sex and pornography are growing more common.... Overall, the study found increasingly raunchy material during the earliest hours of prime time, with instances of violence and profanity up more than 70 percent from two years ago." Los Angeles Times, 2001, Report: TV Gets vBad Grades On Family-Hour Sex, Violence. The Sacramento Bee, August 2, 2001, page A5.

V. REMINDER:
A. EXAM I (25%) IS ON Friday, September 28, 2001.

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834): "English economist [and cleric!]. His Essay on the Principle of Population 1798 (revised 1803) argued for population control, since populations increase in geometric ratio and food supply only in arithmetic ratio, and influenced Charles Darwin's thinking on natural selection as the driving force of evolution. Malthus saw war, famine, and disease as necessary checks on population growth" [stress added]." Sarah Jenkins Jones (Editor), 1996, Random House Webster's Dictionary of Scientists, page 317.

WHY STUDY PRIMATES? = PRIMATES = taxonomic term which is always capitalized and is a fixed plural. "A decade-long baboon study indicates that lecithin, a soybean extract used in many processed foods, can delay and perhaps even prevent alcohol cirrhosis of the liver." R. Cowen, Science News, December 1, 1990: 340.

"By studying monkeys, apes and other animals, scientists are learning how really important it is to kiss and make up soon after a furious fight. Long-term observations of groups of primates show that social animals use well-established peacemaking tactics to smooth over bruised feelings caused by combat. There is far more advantage in friendship and cooperation than in sulking and alienation [stress added]." Robert Cooke, 1999, Better to Hug Than Sulk, Apes Find. The Sacramento Bee, February 19, 1999, page A13.

WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THE FOLLOWING?: "The kind of man's face a woman finds attractive varies with her menstrual cycle, according to a study that underscores the hold biology still has on us, no matter how highly evolved we like to think we are. When a woman is ovulating, or ready to conceive, she is likely to prefer men with more masculine features. When she is menstruating, or least likely to get pregnant, she is apt to prefer softer, more feminine looks. That's according to a study conducted by Scottish and Japanese researchers and published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The researchers beleive this is not a matter of fashion or a 20th-century standard of beauty, but something that is inborn, or instilled by evolution for sound biological reasons: In the animal kingdom, masculine looks denote virility, and thus the ability to produce healthy offspring." Alex Dominguez, 1999, Biology Is Destiny, At Least In Sex Appeal. The Sacramento Bee, June 24, 1999, page B8.

NOTE: There are more than 6 billion people on the planet and population is increasing by approximately 78,000,000 people per year; given that 1 year = 365.25 days = 8,766 hours = 525,960 minutes, therefore 78,000,000/525,960 = means that the population of the planet is increasing by approximately 148 people a minute. For this 50 minute class, please note that this means that the world will have had a NET INCREASE (births-minus-deaths) of ~7,415 individuals (roughly speaking).

NOTE: "If we could shrink the Earth's population to a village of precisely 100 people, with all existing ratios [on the planet] remaining the same, it would look like this: 51 females, 49 males; 70 non-white, 30 white; 57 Asians, 21 Europeans, 14 from the Western Hemisphere, and 8 Africans; 70 non-Christians, 30 Christians. 50 percent of the wealth would be in the hands of six people. All six of those people would be from the United States. 80 would live in substandard housing. 70 would be illiterate. 50 would suffer from malnutrition. 1 would be near death, 1 near birth. 1 would be college educated. No one would own a computer." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 19, 1999, page 3B.)

DECEMBER 29, 2000} "The Census Bureau announced Thursday that the resident population of the United States was 281,421,906 on April 1, 2000, the date for counting the numbers that will serve for a decade as the basis for representation in the House and as the formula for allocating many federal benefits." The Sacramento Bee, December 29, 2000, page 1.

PLEASE NOTE: According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 8/2/2001 at 4:13:13 PM [Pacific Standard Time] was 284,808,071 [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/popclock]. This means there is one birth every 8 seconds, one death every 14 seconds, one international migrant (net) every 34 seconds, one Federal U.S. citizen (net) every 3,057 seconds, for a net gain of one person every 11 seconds.

March 30, 2001} California is the most populous state in the USA with 33,871,648 residents [~12.05% of the USA]" The San Francisco Chronicle, page 1.

NOTE: According to The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2001 (page 415), the estimated population for California on July 1, 1999 was 33,145,121; the estimated population for California in the following years will be: 39,957,616 (in the year 2010), 45,448,627 (2020), and 58,731,006 (2040). (Chico Enterprise-Record, December 18, 1998, page 4A); "By 2040, the state [of California] will have 58.7 million residents, a 75 percent increase, according to Department of Finance projections. The population in some counties could more than triple [stress added]." (Chico Enterprise-Record, May 2, 1999, page 1B).

On Changes in California: "Almost 70,000 acres of California's open space was devoured by a growing population lured to the state by its booming economy from 1996 to 1998, according to a state report released Wednesday [October 11, 2000]. The urban sprawl is driven by California's influx of roughly 700,000 people a year [stress added]." Open space continues vanish act in state. (Associated Press) The Sacramento Bee, October 12, 2000, page A3.

On Sunday, June 24, 2001, an article appeared in The Sacramento Bee (Alvin D. Sokolow, How Much State Farmland Is Disappearing? pages L1 and L6) based on research from University of California, Davis, now provides the figure of "only" 49,700 acres of California farmland disappearing each year! Incidentally, the CSU, Chico campus (excluding the University farm, is approximately 119 acres (so approximately 417 Chico State campuses disappear every year in California!).

Questions To Consider: What will the population of the USA or California or Chico be by 2040? Or 2020? or next year?! What is the "carrying capacity" of any given environment? What changes have to be made in any given environment? What will be the impact of an increasingly older American population on this country? On you?

"For millions of Californians, housing is the cross they must bear for living here. There simply isn't enough of it. For nearly 20 years, California's home-building industry has lagged behind the state's population growth." Jim Wasserman, 2001, Experts Warn Housing Shortage Even Worse In Future. The San Francisco Chronicle, July 29, 2001, page A19.

"The [1937] Hungarian Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine], Szent-Györgyi [von Nagyrapolt], once said that a scientist should see what everybody else has seen and then think what nobody has thought. Nobody did this better than Charles Darwin, who first realized that the evolution of life took place by Natural Selection. Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution by Natural Selection [stress added]." J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin and the Galapagos.

FROM: USA Today, January 4, 1999: "The idea was simple. Sit around and pick the 1,000 most important people of the millenium. ... [#1] Johannes Gutenberg (1394?-1468) Inventor of printing.... [#5] William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 'Mirror of the millennium's soul'.... [#6] Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion helped propel the Age of Reason.... [#7] Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of Evolution [stress added]." From the book by Barbara and Brent Bowers & Agnes Hooper Gottlieb and Henry Gottlieb, 1998, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men And Women Who Shaped The Millennium.

The concept of CHANGE is definitely vital to an understanding of Darwin, whether you are reading Darwin himself, reading about him, or discussing him. In 1859 Darwin published On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Please note the changes Darwin made in the SIX editions of the same volume during his lifetime (as calculated by Morse Peckham [Editor], 1959, The Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text):

In the 5th edition of 1869, Darwin used (for the first time) the famous phrase (borrowed from Herbert Spencer [1820-1903]): "Survival of the Fittest." In the 6th edition of 1872, "On" was dropped from the title. In the 1st edition of 1859, Darwin only had the following phrase about human beings: "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history." In the 2nd edition of 1860 Darwin wrote the following:

"Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator [STRESS added] into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

INCIDENTALLY, in his 1839 publication The Voyage Of The Beagle, Darwin wrote the following:

"Among the scenes which are deeply impressed on my mind, none exceed in subliminity the primeval forests undefaced by the hand of man; whether those of Brazil, where the powers of Life are predominant, or those of Tierra del Fuego, where Death and Decay prevail. Both are temples filled with the varied productions of the God of Nature:--no one can stand in these solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body [STRESS added]" 1839, page 436)

wysiwyg://5/http://www.iexplore.com/multimedia/galapagos.jhtml [The Galápagos Islands!]
http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SoAmGIslands.html [Urbanowicz July 2000 Galápagos Islands Trip]

"Whatever the controversies that surround him, Charles Darwin was certainly the most important natural scientist of the past century; he may become the most important social scientist of the next. His great insight--that humans are animals and that their behavior, like that of all animals, is shaped by evolution--is now making its way into social theory. In economics, linguistics, anthropology and psychology, scholars are attempting to see how our evolved nature, interacting with particular environments, generates the ways we trade and speak, live with others and with ourselves [stress added]." The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 1999, page A24.

http://darwin.ws/day/ [Darwin Day Home Page]
http://www.galapagos.org/cdf.htm [Charles Darwin Foundation, Inc.]
http://www.gruts.demon.co.uk/darwin/index.htm [The Friends of Charles Darwin Home Page]
http://www.natcenscied.org [The National Center for Science Education]
http://www.darwinawards.com/ [Official Darwin Awards} "...showing us just how uncommon common sense can be." Wendy Northcutt, 2000, The Darwin Awards: Evolution in Action (Dutton)

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ADDITIONAL FACTS, DATA, INFORMATION (or only "some CURRENT EVENTS" for Fall 2001)

"The difficulty is that modern human beings no longer directly perceive the world they live in and whose conditions affect them." James Burke and Robert Ornstein, 1995, The Axemaker's Gift: A Double-Edged History of Human Culture, page 280.

"The average person now changes jobs 8.6 times between the ages of 18 and 32, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such upheavals in the labor market have forced colleges to adapt....[stress added]." Emily Bazar, 1999, Number of Students Over 40 Soaring At College Campuses. The Sacramento Bee, August 24, 1999, pages 1 and page A10, page 1.

"The number seems horrifying. Last year, 876,213 missing-person cases [~2,399/day!] were reported to the FBI by local police agencies after calls from frantic families of friends." Fox Butterfield, 2001, The Sacramento Bee, July 21, 2001, page A10.

"Soon Diagnostic Tools May Include Cameras Swallowed Like A Pill. Researchers are finding a less invasive way to look inside a patient's body. ... The new procedure, undergoing clinical trials, instead uses tiny cameras encased in small capsules that the patient swallows as easily as a large vitamin. The cameras travel into the small intestine, flashing two pictures every second. About 50,000 photos are transmitted to a special belt worn by the patient, and the information is later downloaded into a computer. After their journey, the cameras are passed unnoticed by the patient and can be flushed down the toilet. The cameras cost about $300 [stress added]." Tara Parker-Pope, The Wall Street Journal, December 8, 2000, page B1.

"Medicine has caught up to Hollywood: The government approved a tiny camera in a capsule Wednesday [August 1, 2001] that patients can swallow to give doctors a close-up view of their small intestine. The camera painlessly winds its way through the digestive tract, using wireless technology to beam back color pictures of the gut. ... Doctors who wish to use the video pill will have to buy a $20,000 computer workstation; each capsule is $450 [stress added]." The Associated Press, 2001, FDA Approves Camera Pills To Diagnose Intestinal Ills. The Sacramento Bee, August 2, 2001, page A17.

"A UC Davis professor has developed a genetically engineered tomato believed to be the first salt-tolerant variety. Closest to home, the discovery could have a beneficial impact in the San Jaquin Valley and Southern California where farmers have been abandoning fields, in part because of excessive salt in the soil." Paul Schnitt, 2001, Tomato Made For Salty Soil. The Sacramento Bee, July 31, 2001, pages D1 and D6, page D1.

"A report released Wednesday concludes that the 2 million California children who attend school in portable classrooms may be exposed to high levels of airborne carcinogenic materials. ... Portable classrooms are made of plastics and other synthetic materials that 'outgas' toxic compounds. The number of portable classrooms has exploded in California since the Class Size Reduction Act of 1997 went into effect. ... In 1991, there were approximately 43,000 such classrooms in the state. Today, there are about 86,500, accomodating about 2 million students. ... The report follows than announcement by a Santa Clara toxicologist who found high quantitites of aresnic, benzene and phenol--all associated with modern building materials--in the blood and urine of students who attended school in portable classrooms in Saugus, in Los Angeles Countty. [stress added]." San Francisco Chronicle, May 28, 1999, page A19.

"Dozens of factories in Contra Costa County's industrial belt contain dangerous amounts of hazardous materials, but county officials said Wednesday that they have not determined how many have backup generators to avoid potential disaster when blackouts hit this summer. It is a major concern in the county with the highest amount of hazardous materials per capita in California...[stress added]." Joe Garofoli and Pia Sarkar, 2001, Chemical Leak Waves Red Flag in Contra Costa. The San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, 2001, page A19 and A21, page A19.

"Infections caused by germs that resist treatment with antibiotics kill more than 14,000 Americans each year [Urbanowicz Adds} approximately 38 people a day!], says a coalition of federal and private groups that met Tuesday [April 15, 2001] in Washington, D.C., to launch an education campaign called Save Antibiotic Strength. Pilot programs will begin in San Diego, Norfolk, Va., and the state of Connecticut to raise awareness of the dangers of overprescription and misuse of antibiotics, which can lead to drug resistance [Urbanowicz adds} as a result of "evolution"]. 'It is estimated that 50 million antibiotic prescriptions for illnesses such as cold or flu are given each year [or ~136,986/day!], and are of no benefit in treating such conditions,' says Richard Roberts, president of the American Academy of Family Physicians [stress added]." Michelle Healy, 2001, A Better Life. USA Today, April 18, 2001, page 6D.

"What makes the situation so desperate, experts agree, is that new and more effective drugs are not, in themselves, enough. As Richard Colonno, vice president for infectious disease at Bristol-Myers Squibb, sees it, what new drugs do is reset a pathogen's biological clock. They buy time, but eventually resistance to these compounds will also arise. Why? In a word, evolution [stress added]." J. Madeline Nash, 2001, The Antibiotic Crisis. Time, January 15, 2001, No Page Number.

"Major drugmakers spend nearly twice as much to advertise their medicines as they do on research and development, according to a consumer group that links aggressive marketing to soaring drug prices. ... Families USA, a frequent critic of rising drug costs and pharmaceutical companies, based its report on an analysis of company revenues, net profit and the percentage of sales revenue spent on marketing, administration, research and development. ... Families USA said Merck had netted $40.36 billion in sales in 2000. Of that amount, 17 percent was profit; 15 percent was spent on advertising, marketing and administration; and 6 percent was spent on research and development [stress added]." Anjetta McQueen [Associated Press], The San Francisco Chronicle, July 11, 2001, page A4.

"Scientific evidence is mounting that...music may be as powerful a food for the brain as for the soul. Not only does it pluck at emotional heart strings, but scientists say that it also turns on brain circuits that aid recognition of patterns and structures critical to development of mathematics skills, logic, perception and memory" Bill Henrrick, 1996, Parents, Studies Say Music Lends An Ear To Learning. San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1996, page A7.

"BRAIN STRAIN: Feel like you can't think straight when you're stressed out? You're probably right. Researchers who injected volunteers with cortisol--a hormone secreted during stress--report that those who received the highest doeses for the longest period (four days) had the most trouble recalling a story they had been told. There is a bright spot: a week after the hormone injections stopped, memory was completely restored." Janice M. Horowitz, 1999, Time, June 28, 1999, page 79.

"Scientists have bad news for people who think they can deftly drive a car while gabbing on a cell phone. The first study using magnetic resonance images of brain activity to compare what happens in people when they do a complex task, as opposed to two tasks at a time, reveals a disquieting fact: The brain appears to have a finite amount of space for tasks requiring attention. When people try to drive in heavy traffic and talk, researcher say, brain activity doe not double. It decreases. People performing two demanding tasks simultaneously do neither one as well as they do each one alone. The study, published in tomorrow's issue of the journal Neurolmage. ... The active regions are measured in voxels, volumes of brain tissue about the size of a grain of rice. When a particular part of the brain is working hard, more voxels light up [stress added]." Sandra Blakeslee [New York Times], 2001, Yakking And Driving May Not Mix Well. The San Francisco Chronicle, July 31, 2001, page A2.

"Trafficking in people is now the fastest growing business of organized crime.... reliable estimates indicate that 200 million people may now ve, in some way, under the sway or in the hands of traffickers of various kinds worldwide. ... while four centuries of slavery moved about 11.5 million people out of Africa, in the last decade [1990->2000] more than 30 million women and children may have been trafficked within and from Southeast Asia for sexual purposes and sweatshop labor' [stress added]." Barbara Crossette, 2000, Human Traficking Spawns Burgeoning Crime Wave, June 25, 2000, The San Francisco Sunday Chronicle and Examiner, page A-15.

"No one tastes it, smells it or even knows how much to fear it, but a toxic chemical recently featured in a popular movie has the San Fernando Valley racked with worry that its tap water is the latest victim of Southern California's endless battle with pollution. Chromium 6 is turning up in wells supplying water...." Rene Sanchez, The Sacramento Bee, December 9, 2000, page A6.

"Southern California's human waste makes marginal San Joaquin Valley soils fertile." Anon. Enterprise-Record, December 31, 2000, page B1.

"Texas, we are proud to report, ranks No. 1 in the country for animal-waste production, creating an estimated 280 billion lbs. of manure annually, which is twice as muich manure as California, the No. 2 state, and it comes to 40 lbs. of manure per Texan per day. The state is covered in glory." Molly Ivins, 2001, Home, Home on the Latrine. Time, August 6, 2001, page 26.

"Radioactive rain still falls periodically on Moscow, 15 years after Ukraine's Chernobyl nuclear power station exploded [April 26, 1986] in what was the world's worst peacetime nuclear disaster. Although Moscow originally was not designated as an affected territory after the accident, Natalya Shandala of Moscow's Institute of Biophysics announced, 250 times above the normal after the explosion. The accident affected at least 3 million people and continues to cause more frequent occurences of disease, including thyroid cancers, and high levels of stress and suicide in the contaminated areas [stress added]." Steve Newman, 2001, The San Francisco Chronicle, May 6, 2001. [And see, if you wish} http://www.uilondon.org/industry/chernobyl/inf07.htm]

"An experiment that altered human genes in such a way that could affect future generations has led two researchers to recommend federal regulation of fertility clinics. .... the birth of a baby whose genes had been altered in such a way that it could pass the change to future generations.... a fertility clinic engineered a human embryo so that it contained mitochondrial DNA from the father, the mother and from a woman who volunteered some cellular cytoplasm that was inserted into the embryo [stress added]." Paul Recer, 2001, Alarms Raised By 'Designer Babies.' The Sacramento Bee, May 18, 2001, page A8.

"For women diagnosed with moderately serious breast cancer, a large network of supportive friends and relatives cuts the risk of recurrence and death by 60% over seven years, a researcher reports today." Friends May Make Breast Cancer More Survivable. Marilyn Elias, 2001, USA Today, March 8, 2001, page D1.

"'Intriguiging' Study Says Prayer Can Heal. Prayer may not only warm the heart--it may improve its health as well, according to a preliminary study by Duke University. The study found that angioplasty patients with acute heart ailments who were prayed for by seven religious groups did 50 to 100 percent better during their hospital stays than patients who received no prayers [stress added]." Scott Mooneyham [Associated Press Writer], 1998, The Chico Enterprise-Record, page 6A.

"Don't assume that it's too late to get involved [stress added!]" Morrie Schwartz (1920-1995) as recorded by Mitch Albom, 1997, Tuesdays With Morrie: An Old Man, A Young Man, And Life's Greatest Lesson (NY: Doubleday), page 18.

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WEEK 4: September 17, 2001

I. RESEARCH & ECOLOGY & INTO LANGUAGE

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2000, Conformity And Conflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Ecology and Subsistence" [Overview], pages 98-102.
"Language and Communication" [Overview], pages 57-60.
"The Laws of Looking" by Michael Argyle, pages 61-69.
"Conversation Style" Talking on the Job" by Debra Tannen, pages 70-78.

III. APPROPRIATE VISUALS:
A. VTAPE: MYSTERIES OF MANKIND

"My intention is not, however, to [simply] impart information, but to throw the burden of study upon you. If I succeed in teaching you to observe, my aim will be attained." Louis Aggasiz [1807-1873], Swiss-American Scientist.

B. FILM: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION [and see http://www.careersonline.com.au/easyway/int/nvcomm.html].

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/koko/ [A Conversation With Koko the Gorilla]

"Body language is innate. Worldwide, all people who pout adopt the same expression. None other than Charles Darwin [1809-1882] recorded that observation." The San Francisco Chronicle, March 1, 1998, page 8.

IV. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies On Foraging, Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and....
C. Cyberspace below (and all around us!).

V. REMINDERS:
A. EXAM I (25%) on FRIDAY September 28, 2001 (Map, Multiple Choice, & True/False)
B. Potential EXAM I Questions below in this Guidebook
C. Map for Exam 1 (below)
D. And in addition to printed maps, see: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/africa.html as well as: http://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/geography/africa.html

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social needs.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

HUNTING & GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

PASTORALISM: a subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies used by groups of people to exploit their environment for material necessities. Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism are subsistence strategies.

VIDEO = "Lucy" discovered = "...a small female australopithecine who lived three million years ago, beside a lake in what is now Ethiopia. With forty percent of her skeleton recovered, she is the most complete specimen of an early hominid ever found. The shape of the pelvic bone shows that she was female, while the leg bones indicate that she walked upright. Her teeth suggest that she was about twenty years old when she died." Richard E. Leakey, 1981, The Making of Mankind, page 67.

VIDEO = Richard Leakey, son of the Drs. Louis and Mary Leakey, as the "organizing genius of modern paleontology. ... Homo erectus - the first human species to leave Africa. ... Tools as a reflection of the user."

April 2001 NOTE: "You find something beautiful and new, but the conclusion is you actually know less....[stress added]." Fred Spoor, University College, London. His comment in "The 'Gang' Hits Again" dealing with a recent Leakey find in Kenya} Kenyathropus platyops. Time, April 2, 2001, page 65.

VIDEO = Pat Schifman = "The problem for us today is to tease out of the past - to coax out of the evidence - ... And once we know when we started and how we started and what was important, then we may have a very different idea of what it means to be human; videos also deals with DNA research and the hypothesis of a single woman in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago = "the more closely alike the DNA, the more closely related the individuals are."

VIDEO = "New technologies will add other new pieces to the expanding puzzle, but that is all we can expect--random puzzle pieces--never can the entire picture be known. For scientists, the excitement of the quest never diminishes." For More, see Scientific American of April 1992 for article by Wilson & Cann entitled "The Recent African Genesis of Humans" and an opposing article by Thorne & Wolpoff entitled "The Multiregional Evolution of Humans" where they state that "The reasoning behind a molecular clock is flawed" and see Discovery September 1995 (pages 70-81) for some of the latest work by Ofer Bar-Yosef at Kebara.

"One of the greatest lessons that can be learned from the history of science is one of humility. Science may indeed be steadily learning more about the structure of the world, but surely what is known is exceedingly small in relation to what is unknown. There is no scientific theory today, not even a law, that may not be modified or discarded tomorrow [stress added]." Martin Gardner, 1990, The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry From Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd edition, page 335.

"In his perceptive little book Technopoly, Neil Postman argues that all disciplines ought to be taught as if they were history. That way, students 'can begin to understand, as they now do not, that knowledge is not a fixed thing but a stage in human development, with a past and a future.' I wish I'd said that first. If all knowledge has a past--and computer technology is surely a special kind of knowledge--then all knowledge is contingent [stress added]." Paul de Palma, 1999, http://www.when_is_enough_enough?.com. The American Scholar, Winter, reprinted in David Quammen [Editor], 2000, The Best American Science And Nature Writing 2000, pages 34-47 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 36.

NOTE: "Neanderthals and modern humans not only coexisted for thousands of years long ago, as anthropologists have established, but now their little secret is out: They also cohabited. At least that is the interpretation being made by paleontologists who have examined the 24,500 year-old skeleton of a young boy discovered recently in a shallow grave in Portugal [stress added]." John N. Wilford, 1999, Homo sapiens may be related to Neanderthals. San Francisco Examiner, April 25, 1999, page A4.

"Long after I became involved in fossil hunting, but while my father and I were still cleaning antlers, I came across a manuscript of a lecture he had given, in California, I think. One sentence arrested my attention: 'The past is the key to our future.' I felt as if I were reading something I had written; it expressed my own conviction completely [stress added]." Richard Leakey & Roger Lewin, 1992, Origins Reconsidered: In Search Of What Makes Us Human, page xv.

"... a discovery reported last week in the journal Nature has brought paleontologists tantalizingly close to answering both these questions [concerning "evolutionary steps"]. Working as part of an international team led by U.S. and Ethiopian scientists, a graduate student named Yohannes Haile-Selassie (no relation to the Emperor), enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, has found the remains of what appears to be the most ancient human ancestor ever discovered. It's a chimp-size creature that lived in the Ethiopian forests between 5.8 million and 5.2 million years ago&emdash;nearly a million and a half years earlier than the previous record holder and very close to the time when humans and chimps first went their separate evolutionary ways.... Now that science is actually bringing in hard evidence, the story is getting more complicated&emdash;and more interesting. Clearly, there are still plenty of questions to ask, and plenty of surprises left to uncover, in the ancient sediments of eastern Africa [stress added]." Michael D. Lemoniock and Andrea Dorfman (With reporting by Simon Robinson), 2001, The Giant Step For Manking, Time, July 23, 2001, pages 54-61.

SOME QUESTIONS asked of Richard Leakey: "What do you think is the biggest problem facing the world today? Global warming. ... Which historical figure would you most like to invite to a dinner party? Charles Darwin, so that I could tell him of what we now know and re-assure him that he has made some of the most significant contributions ever in terms of placing us within context on this planet [stress added]." Discover, May 1999, pages 18-19.

NOTE: "Nonverbal communication functions in several important ways in regulating human interactions. It is an effective way of (1) sending messages about our attitudes and feelings, (2) elaborating on our verbal messages, and (3) governing the timing and turn taking between communicators [stress added]." Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 69.

VIDEO: "The world of people is a world of words....[but]." "Just as a bird watcher watches birds, so a man-watcher [or a people watcher] watches people. But he [or she] is a student of human behavior, not a voyeur. To him [or her], the way an elderly gentleman waves to a friend is quite as exciting as the way a young girl crosses her legs. He [or she] is a field-observer of human actions, and his [or her] field is everywhere--at the bus-stop, the supermarket, the airport, the street corner, the dinner party and the football match. Wherever people behave, there the man-watcher [or people watcher] has something to learn--about his [or her] fellow-men and ultimately about himself." [Desmond Morris, 1977, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior, page 8]

VIDEO: