FOR THE FINAL UPDATE TO THIS GUIDEBOOK on December 7, 2007, please click please click here.

DESCRIPTION: "Case studies of peoples of Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Analysis of origins of indigenous peoples and cultures. Description of traditional cultures in this ecologically diverse area. This is an approved Non-Western course." (2007-2009 Catalog, Page 187.)

THREE REQUIRED TEXTS:
Herb K. Kane, 1997, Ancient Hawai'i (Captain Cook, Hawai'i: The Kawainui Press).
D.L. Oliver, 1989, The Pacific Islands (3rd Edition).
Charles F. Urbanowicz, Fall 2007 edition, Anthropology 373 Guidebook [also available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_373-FA2007.html.

OPTIONAL ITEMS FOR THE TRULY INTERESTED INDIVIDUAL:
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007. 
K.R. Howe, R.C. Kiste, and N. V. Lal, 1994, The Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press).
V. Lockwood, T. Harding, and B. Wallace [Editors], 1993, Contemporary Pacific Societies: Studies in Development and Change (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall).
Moshe Rapaport, 1999, The Pacific Islands: Environment & Society (Honolulu, Hawai'i: The Bess Press).
Marcia Stenson, 2006, Illustrated History of the South Pacific (Randon House).

ASSESSMENT: Make-up exams only allowed IF there has been a documented emergency. Please note the following important dates (and look at dates & requirements for your other courses): 

THE COURSE is very heavily mediated and you are responsible for information presented in this manner. Individuals are expected to locate major land masses discussed in lectures and readings. Every examination will have a map based on the maps in the Anthropology 373 Guidebook. PLEASE NOTE: Various WWW addresses are provided and will be expanded throughout the semester but at this time no examination questions are based on these WWW locations: they are shared with you for exploration on your own. ALSO NOTE: At times throughout the semester, this web Guidebook will be updated and you may be responsible for some of the information provided in these updates.

NOTE: If you have a documented disability that may require reasonable accommodations, please contact Disability Support Services (DSS) for coordination of your academic accommodations. DSS is located in the University Center (behind Kendall Hall). The DSS phone number is 898-5959 V/TTY or FAX 898-4411. Visit the DSS website at http://www.csuchico.edu/dss/. PLEASE REMEMBER: Free public lectures, ANTHROPOLOGY FORUM (ANTH 497-01} #2769) for One Unit every Thursday from 4 -> 4:50pm in Ayres Hall 120. One unit of credit is available through Dr.Stacy B. Schaefer, Chair, Department of Anthropology.

The Functions of Grading: Underlying the rationale for grades is the theme of communication. Grades communicate one or more of the following functions:

1. To recognize that classroom instructors have the right and responsibility to provide careful evaluation of student performance and the responsibility for timely assignment of appropriate grades;
2. To recognize performance in a particular course;
3. To act as a basis of screening for other courses or programs (including graduate school);
4. To inform you of your level of achievement in a specific course; To stimulate you to learn;
5. To inform prospective employers and others of your achievement.

DEFINITION OF LETTER GRADING SYMBOLS:

A -- Superior Work: A level of achievement so outstanding that it is normally attained by relatively few students.
B -- Very Good Work: A high level of achievement clearly better than adequate competence in the subject matter/skill, but not as good as the unusual, superior achievement of students earning an A.
C -- Adequate Work: A level of achievement indicating adequate competence in the subject matter/skill. This level will usually be met by a majority of students in the class.
D -- Minimally Acceptable Work: A level of achievement which meets the minimum requirements of the course.
F -- Unacceptable Work: A level of achievement that fails to meet the minimum requirements of the course. Not passing.

A NOT SO BIG SECRET: #1} The information (or "meaning") that you will get out of this course will be in direct proportion to the energy you expend on assignments and requirements: readings, writing assignment, examinations, and thinking assignments. #2} I will try to provide you with new information and ideas every class period! PS: "He'd tell us to learn from what happened to him." [The character Ron Weasley to Hermione Granger in] J.K. Rowling, 2007, Harry Potter And The Deadly Hallows (Arthur A. Levine Books/Scholastic Inc.), page 95.

SPECIAL: Various Pacific Specifics and Statistics

1. WEEK 1: Beginning Monday August 27, 2007: Introduction & Overview: Area & Ecology, Peopling & Prehistory.

MAP: Pacific Culture Areas

2. WEEK 2: [Campus Closed Monday September 3] So on Wednesday September 5, 2007 and Friday September 7, 2007: Europeans and into the Pacific & Australia. 

3. WEEK 3: Beginning September 10, 2007: Australia.

SPECIAL: Notes on Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882)

4. WEEK 4: Beginning Monday September 17, 2007: Australia and Pacific Changes (continued).

SPECIAL: Anthropology & Cyberspace

5. WEEK 5: Beginning Monday September 24, 2007: World War II and Review [Wednesday] and EXAM I [25%] on Friday September 28, 2007.

6. WEEK 6: Beginning Monday October 1, 2007: Into Melanesia.

7. WEEK 7: Beginning Monday October 8, 2007: Melanesia Continued.

8. WEEK 8: Beginning Monday October 15, 2007: Melanesia and Changes and World War II.

9. WEEK 9: Beginning Monday October 22, 2007: Culture Change Continued.

10. WEEK 10: Beginning Monday October 29, 2007: Out of Melanesia and into Micronesia.

MAPS: Melanesia and Micronesia

11. WEEK 11: Beginning Monday November 5, 2007: Micronesia and World War II and Review (Wed) for EXAM II (30%) on Friday November 9, 2007.

12. WEEK 12: [Campus Closed Monday November 12] So on Wednesday November 14, 2007 and Friday November 16, 2007: To Hawai'i.

13. WEEK 13: THANKSGIVING BREAK: MONDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2007 - > FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2007 !

14. WEEK 14: Beginning November 26, 2007: Polynesia and Changes.

15. WEEK 15: Beginning Monday December 3, 2007: Tahiti and World War II (And Pearl Harbor after 57 years).

MAP: Polynesia

16. WEEK 16: Beginning Monday December 10, 2007: Hawai'i, World War II, The Pacific Today, and Review!

17. WEEK 17: EXAM III (35%): ANTH 373} BUTTE 319} On WEDNESDAY December 19, 2007 from 10 -> 11:50am.

1.  Understand from an anthropological perspective the phenomenon of culture as it differentiates human life from other life forms. Understand the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and evolution.

2.  Develop an ability to critically address ethical and moral issues of diversity, power, equality, and survival from an anthropological perspective.

3.  Know substantive data and theoretical perspectives in the subdisciplines of anthropology. Know the history of anthropological theory and be conversant in major issues in each area. 

4.  Be familiar with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources.  Know how to access, interpret, evaluate, and apply such information, using a range of sources and information technologies.

5.  Grasp the methodologies of the subdisciplines of anthropology.  Be able to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

6.  Be able to present and communicate the results of anthropological research.  

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Various Pacific Specifics and Statistics

"I wish I could tell you about the South Pacific. The way it actually was. The endless ocean. The infinite specks of coral we called islands. Coconut palms nodding gracefully toward the ocean. Reefs upon which waves broke into spray, and inner lagoons lovely beyond description [stress added]." James A. Michener, 1946, Tales of the South Pacific (Fawcett Crest Books), page 9..

For the past several years I have been compiling what I call an "On-Going-Work-In-Progress" entitled "Various Pacific References." This muliti-page item is not included in this Guidebook but is available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PacificReferences.html. The following appears at the beginning of that page:

PLEASE NOTE: this is an on-going "work-in-progress" providing references for "Peoples and Cultures of the Pacific" and is updated on an occasional basis. This page includes tourist information, web pages, academic publications, as well as items that might be found in a city, county, college, or university library. This page was created as a result of providing lectures on various cruises, most recently as one of the lecturers on the m/s Paul Gauguin (part of Regent Seven Seas Cruises) for an eleven-day cruise out of Pape'ete, Tahiti, to various islands of French Polynesia (June-July 2007, Figure I). Prior to that, at the end of February 2007, I was the lecturer on the Sapphire Princess on a twelve-day cruise from Sydney, Australia, to Auckland, New Zealand (Figure II). In January-February 2007 I was one of the "Enrichment Lecturers" for the Cunard Line on the Queen Elizabeth 2 for a twenty-eight day cruise from Los Angeles, California, to Sydney, Australia (Figure III). In April-May 2006 I was one of the lecturers on the Pacific Princess for a twenty-one day cruise from Sydney, Australia, to Osaka, Japan (Figure IV). In May-June 2005 I was one of the lecturers on the Pacific Princess, cruising from Honolulu through Micronesia and Melanesia for twenty-five days en route to Nagasaki, Japan and which terminated in Xingang, China (Figure V). In December 2004 and January 2005, as part of the "Scholarship@Sea" program of Princess Cruise Lines, I was the "destination lecturer" on the Tahitian Princess, providing lectures on French Polynesia and the Cook Islands for two ten-day cruises (Figures VI and VII)." The above-mentioned Figures I-VII will be referred to in this class. This "Pacific Reference" page should provide you with ample information should you wish to pursue various Pacific topics on your own. 

"The largest ocean [on the planet Earth] is the Pacific. Excluding adjacent seas, it represents 45.8% of the world's oceans and is 64,186,300 sq miles in area. The average depth is 13,740 feet. From Guayaquil, Ecuador, on the east, to Bangkok, Thailand, on the west, the Pacific could be said to stretch 10,905 miles in the shortest navigable line. ... The world's most distant point from land is a spot in the South Pacific, approximately 48^o30'S., 125^o30'W., which is about 1,660 miles from the nearest points of land, namely Pitcairn Island, Ducie Island and Cape Dart, Antarctica. Centered on this spot, therefore, is a circle of water with an area of about 8,657,000 sq mi--about 7,000 sq mi larger than the [former] USSR, [formerly] the world's largest country" [stress added!]. (1985, Guiness Book of World Records, page 122). 

NOTE: LOOKING AT THE "MAP" on the cover of this Guidebook please consider the following:

Pacific Ocean = 64,186,300 square miles
Atlantic Ocean = 33,420,000 square miles
Indian Ocean = 28,350,000 square miles 

PLEASE NOTE: The following information comes from various sources (and at various points over time) and is only meant to be an "approximation" of information for the various islands and culture areas. 

LOCATION	EST. POP.	AREA (sq.miles)	CAPITAL (or major city)	POLITICAL STATUS
USA (50 states)	301,863,057	3,794,085	Washington, DC	USA
USA (Lower 48)	299,907,516	3,119,887
California	36,457,549	163,696	Sacramento
Butte County	218,069	1,639
Alaska	670,053	663,267	Juneau
Texas	23,507,783	261,797	Austin
Rhode Island	1,067,610	1,545	Providence
MEXICO	107,449,525	761,608	Mexico City	United Mexican States
JAPAN	127,417,000	145,882	Tokyo	Parliamentary Democracy
PHILIPPINES	89,468,677	115,831	Manila	Republic
INDONESIA	233,013,535	741,096	Jakarta	Republic
AUSTRALIA	20,264,082	2,967,893	Canberra, ACT	Commonwealth
Tasmania	487,200	26,200 sq. mi	Hobart [Major City]	State of Australia
MELANESIA		370,875 sq mi
MICRONESIA		1,281 sq. miles
POLYNESIA		116,941 sq. mi
MELANESIA		370,875 sq. mi
NEW GUINEA (Island)		303,476
PAPUA NEW GUINEA	5,708,867	178,703	Port Moresby	Independent State
WEST PAPUA (formerly Irian Jaya) (p/o NG Island]	1,641,000	162,884	Manokwari	Province of Indonesia
FIJI	912,867	7,054	Suva	Republic
SOLOMON ISLANDS	445,697	10,985	Honiaria	Independent
NEW CALEDONIA	219,832	6,530	Noumea	Sui generis Collectivity of France
MICRONESIA		1,281 sq. mi
Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuuk [Truk], Pohnpei, Kosrae)	110,822	271	Palikhir (on Pohnpei Island)	Independent Nation
Guam	156,974	210	Agaña	Self-Govering US Territory
Republic of Palau (or Belau)	20,590	188	Koror	Republic
Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas	82,200	179	Saipan	Commonwealth
Republic of the Marshall Islands	61,271	70	Majuro	Republic
Kiribiti	105,131	313	Tarawa	Republic
Tuvalu	11,859	9	Funafuti	Independent
Republic of Nauru	13,349	8	Yaren	Republic
POLYNESIA		116,941 sq. mi
NEW ZEALAND (all)	4,066,107	103,737	Wellington [460,300]
North Island	3,116,100	44,702	Auckland [Major City]
South Island	981,400	58,384	Christchurch [Major City]
FRENCH POLYNESIA	270,845			French Overseas Collectivity
Tahiti (all islands)	274,656	1,544
Tahiti (Island)	116,745	402	Pape'ete
Tonga(all islands)	115,310	289		Kingdom
Tongatapu Island		100	Nuku'alofa
Cook Islands	19,7765	93	Avarua	Self-Governing
Samoa	179,337	1,137	Apia	Independent State
American Samoa	59,369	90	Pago Pago	Unincorporated Territory of the USA
Niue	1,800	100	Alofi	Self-governing
HAWAI'IAN ISLANDS (all)	1,285,498	6,423	Honolulu	State of the USA
Hawai'i (Island)	138,422	4,028	Hilo
Maui	117,013	1,159	Wailuku
'Oahu	871,766	600	Honolulu
Kauai	56,435	623	Lihue
PITCAIRN ISLAND	51	2	Adamstown	British Dependency
EASTER ISLAND	3,791	64	Hangaroa	Province of Chile
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS	12.500	3,086	Baquerizo	State of Ecuador
LOCATION	EST. POP.	AREA (sq.miles)	CAPITAL (or major city)	POLITICAL STATUS

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WEEK 1: BEGINNING Monday August 27, 2007.

I. INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW: AREA & ECOLOGY, PEOPLING & PREHISTORY (and a thought to ponder):

"Researchers have found that the human brain has a natural affinity for narrative construction. People tend to remember facts more accurately if they encounter them in a story rather than in a list.... [stress added]." Benedict Carey, This Is your life (and How You Tell It). The New York Times, May 22, 2007, Science Times Section, pages D1+D6, page D1.

"To hail Europeans as discoverers of the Pacific Islands is ungracious as well as inaccurate. While they were still moving around in their small, landlocked Mediterranean Sea or hugging the Atlantic shores of Europe and Africa, Pacific Islanders were voyaging hundreds of open-sea miles in their canoes and populating most of the vast Pacific's far-flung islands" (Douglas L. Oliver, 1989, The Pacific Islands [Third Edition], page 19).

II. READINGS:

A. Oliver: 1} The Islands and the Islanders in Pre-colonial Times; part of [hereafter p/o] Ch. 10} Coconuts (pp. 130-138); and Ch. 12} Sea Harvest.

B. Kane} Pages 7-31 as well as pages 98-101.  

C. This Guidebook: 1993 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FSep-30-93.html [Peoples & Cultures of the Pacific: Okeania est omnis divisa in partes tres. For the Anthropology Forum on September 30, 1993, at California State University, Chico.]

D. This Guidebook: 2004 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PacificWAMLApril2004.html [Mapping The Islands of the Pacific: Islanders and Others (Including Cook and Darwin). For a presentation at the WAML (Western Association of Map Libraries) Conference, April 29-31, 2004, at CSU, Chico.]  

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THIS WILL BE THE MAP THAT WILL BE ON EXAM I ON FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 28, 2007:

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WEEK 2: Wednesday [September 5] & Friday [September 7], 2007

I. EUROPEANS AND INTO THE PACIFIC & AUSTRALIA.

"Since the late 1960s, use of the term 'Koori' (or Koorie) to refer to [Australian] Aborigines has become widespread. The word means 'people' in a number of languages from southeastern Australia and is one of a number of such terms used to distinguish the indigenous people of specific regions. A Koori is an indigeneous person from NSW or Victoria, just as a Murri is from Queensland, a Nunga is from South Australia and a Nyungar from Western Australia [stress added]." Paul Smitz [Coordinating Author] et al., 2004, Australia 12th Edition (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd) , page 35.

II. READINGS:

A. Oliver: 2} Explorers: 1521-1792; Oliver: 3} Whalers, Traders, and Missionaries: 1780-1850; Oliver: 7} Lives; p/o 11} Sugar (pp. 174-175).

B. Kane repeat and review pages 7-31 as well as pages 98-101.

C. This Guidebook: 1998 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pacific/Tasmania.html [Comments on Tasmanian Publications of 1884 and 1973/74]. This second essay is contained in the SELECTED PACIFIC ESSAYS BY URBANOWICZ FOR ANTH 373, FALL 2007, located in this Guidebook here (this note will no longer be repeated).

III. FILM NOTES for Primitive People as well as The Last Tasmanian (located immediately below).

IV. INCIDENTALLY, beginning sometimes in September 2007 you will see on PBS:

"THE WAR, a seven-part series directed and produced by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, tells the story of the Second World War through the personal accounts of a handful of men and women from four quintessentially American towns. The series explores the most intimate human dimensions of the greatest cataclysm in history &emdash; a worldwide catastrophe that touched the lives of every family on every street in every town in America &emdash; and demonstrates that in extraordinary times, there are no ordinary lives. Throughout the series, the indelible experience of combat is brought vividly to life as veterans describe what it was like to fight and kill and see men die at places like Monte Cassino and Anzio and Omaha Beach; the Hürtgen Forest and the Vosges Mountains and the Ardennes; and on the other side of the world at Guadalcanal and Tarawa and Saipan; Peleliu and the Philippine Sea and Okinawa. In all of the battle scenes, dramatic historical footage and photographs are combined with extraordinarily realistic sound effects to give the film a terrifying, visceral immediacy. The film honors the bravery, endurance, and sacrifice of the generation of Americans who lived through what will always be known simply as THE WAR [stress added]." [from: http://www.pbs.org/thewar/]  

V. A VERY INTERESTING Web Site dealing with the three voyages of Captain James Cook (1728-1779) is available at: http://www.bluelatitudes.com/ [based on the 2002 book Blue Latitudes by Tony Horwitz].

PRIMITIVE PEOPLE = "...the Mewites, a small scattered tribe living mainly on the sea-coast and littoral of Arnhem Land in Northern Australia. Like most Aboriginal tribes these people were continually on the move searching for the meagre food supplies available. [George] Heath and his assistant, Australian actor Peter Finch who compiled the material from which the script was constructed and also spoke the commentary, attached themselves to a group of about fifty people and followed them for four weeks. The film is divided into three sections. The first section shows normal community life, the construction of bark shelters, various food-gathering methods and makes reference to social structure; the second section shows scenes of burial rituals; the third describes a wallaby hunt [stress added]."

"...the continent of Greater Australia must have been colonised prior to about 40,000 years ago, the times of our ealiest evidence. From all indications the colonists arrived from Southeast Asia by sea, and can be counted amongst the earliest of modern human populations." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press), page 296.

"The evidence itself is, however, constantly changing or being modified. As we go to press new claims are being made of a radically early chronology for the prehistory of Australia. From the site of Jinmium in the Kimberly of northwestern Australia have been reported fallen panels of rock art engravings dated at between 58,000 and 75,000 years ago, and stone artefacts at between 116,000 and 176,000 years ago [stress added]." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press), page xv.

"Australia's Aborigines may have created one of the world's oldest art forms and have certainly created one of the newest. Travelers in the remote outback of central and northwestern Australia can see cave paintings and rock carvings that date back at least 30,000 years. ... that may predate the oldest cave paintings in Europe. ... Thirty years ago [1973] Aboriginal work was hardly recognized as art. ... Less than 20 years ago [1983] 'you could barely give it away,' ... 'But our sales in July [2003]... we'll have people from all over the world bidding hundreds of thousands of dollars of art you could have bought for hundreds in the 1970s [stress added]." Tony Clifton, 2003, Aborigines' art comes out of the cave, into galleries. The San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 2003, page D21.

"Aboriginal Australia was divided into some three hundred tribes, each associated with a separate area. Tribal unity was based on common language and common mythology, but not usually upon group action. For the individual native, membership in a local group or horde was much more important than tribal membership. Each horde was identified with a subdivision of the tribal area and consisted of a number of families related to one another through various kinship ties. Males usually dwelt throughout their lives in the territory where they were born; wives were selected from other parts of the tribe and moved to their husbands' place at marriage. But although residence was more commonly based upon father relationships, ties with the mother were also emphasized through important totemic means. Yet more important than either of these social groupings was the biological family unit. ... The family unit has been aptly called the group of orientation. For, in Australia as in most other primitive [sic.] cultures, an individual's family relationships determined the kinship terms and behavior he used toward every other person in his social universe [stress added]." Douglas L. Oliver, The Pacific Islands, 1961, pp. 31-32.

"In considering the political structure of the native Australians we must remember that Australia is a continent, and the only one that was inhabited exclusively by hunters and gatherers. Probably the most formal and the most complex kind of chieftainship recorded in Australia was that of the Jaraldi people in the Lower Murray River country, one of the continents most populous regions. In the middle of the last century, each territorial clan had its own headman and council, and there was also a paramount chief for the entire tribe. The council members of each clan were elected in a meeting between the middle-aged and elderly men, and a few of the outstanding younger ones as well. In a few cases women were also elected [stress added]." Carlton S. Coon, The Hunting Peoples, 1971: 282-283.

See San Francisco Chronicle of 29 May 1997: "Australia ruled out any compensation yesterday for 100,000 Aboriginal children forcibly taken from their families by the government for more than a half a century until the early 1970s. ... Under state laws starting in 1910, the government removed Aboriginal children from their families because the white majority considered it as in their best interest. ... Australia's 303,000 Aborigines make up 1 percent of its population. They have long complained of discrimination, and they lag behind other Australians in access to jobs, education and health services [stress added]." (page A10).

"It spotlights a shameful recent chapter of Australian history, when racist kidnappings were part of that country's official policy, yet 'Rabbit-Proof Fence' turns this dubious past into a breathtaking story of defiance and triumph that has to be considered one of the year's most sublime films. Direcotr Phillip Noyce based his movie on the lives of three Aboriginal girls who, in 1931, escaped from their captors into a shaky freedom that required them to traverse more than 1,000 miles.... Between 1910 and 1970, the Australian government targeted mixed-race Aboriginal children in the outback and took themn to reorientation centers. There they were forced to speak English, attend Church and learn 'skills' they would use as servants and laborers for white people. One hundred thousand Aboriginal children were taken this way from their parents, according to an Australian government report released in 1997 [stress added]." Jonathan Curiel, 2002, Following the fence to freedom: Aboriginal girls' escape makes for gripping drama. The San Francisco Chronicle, December 25, 2002, pages D1 + D9.

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THE LAST TASMANIAN = "...is a shocking and heart-wrenching portrait of a primitive [sic.] culture wiped out in the name of civilization and Christianity. When the British first colonized the island of Tasmania in 1803, it was viewed as a natural prison to which they sent many of their worst criminals. These convicts, set loose upon the natives committed hideous, barbarous atrocities. By the 1820's thousands of colonists and one million sheep had arrived on the island. When the natives began to retaliate, the British government reacted with mounting paranoia. Thus began a round-up and eventual extermination of an entire race. Those Tasmanians who did not die from abominable treatment succumbed to the diseases of civilized man. Even in death, the race was violated by a ghoulishly curious scientific world. Skeletons and skulls became prized as a means of tracing man's origins. This dramatic film tells the story of Truganini, a daughter of a tribal chief and the last true Tasmanian, who died [on May 8] 1876 at the mission station on Flinders Island. Her skeleton was long displayed in the Hobart Museum until finally, a century after her death, she was given a state funeral and her remains cremated. The Last Tasmanian has won Australia's top awards for documentary, the SAMMY and the LOGIE, and has been praised as a tour de force [stress added]."

"European treatment of Aborigines during the last 200 years has been grossly unjust, but it was in Tasmania during the first 30 years of European settlement that the Aboriginals' plight was the most tragic. European settlers fenced off all the best land for farms, and as they encrouched upon traditional hunting grounds, the Aboriginals began fighting back. In turn, the settlers hunted and shot down the Aboriginal men as they would animals, kidnapped native children to use as slave labor, and raped and tortured the women. In 1828 Governor Arthur proclaimed a law that gave police the right to shoot Aboriginals on sight. Within a couple of years the entire population had been flushed out from settled districts, and over the following five years the remaining stragglers, numbering less than 200, were transported to Flinders Island to be converted to Christians [stress added]." Marael Johnson et al., 1997, Australia Handbook (Chico: Moon Publications), page 598.

"Like all other forms of life, bacteria and viruses evolve over time, and the complex ways in which they react with their human hosts may give to variable virulence [stress added]." Gerald N. Grob, 2002, The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America (Harvard university Press), page 207.

"Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.

Les Eyzies-De-Tayax-Sireuil = "The science of prehistory originated in this village....The first drawing of a mammoth was discovered here along with the first skeleton of Cro-Magnon Man, 30,000 years ago." Anon., 1988, The Hachette Guide To France (NY: Pantheon Books), page 111.

"The Dordogne River twisted in loops like a brown snake in the valley it had cut hundreds of thousands of years before." Michael Crichton, 1999, Timeline (Ballantine Books November 2000 Paperback), page 43.

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing The Origin of Species [published in 1859!],which would popularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, the fossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature were discovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." Erik Trinkaus and Pat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image of Mankind .

Tasmania is 26,200 square miles in size and is a State of the Commonwealth of Australia [2,967,893 square miles]. Tasmania has an estimated population of ~487,200. The estimated population of Australia is 20,264,082. The capital of Tasmania is Hobart. The State of California is approximately 163,696 Square Miles, the State of West Virginia is approximately 24,078 square miles, and Costa Rica is approximately 19,730 square miles.

The potential of British-French rivalry in Australia prompted the British in Australia (where they had established a convict colony in 1788) to send a ship to Tasmania. On December 14, 1802, while Frenchmen were already on Tasmania, the British raised their flag and took formal possession of Tasmania in the name of King George of England.

"When Tasmania was first colonised the natives were roughly estimated by some at 7000 and by others at 20,000. Their number was soon greatly reduced, chiefly by fighting with the English and with each other. After the famous hunt by all the colonists, when the remaining natives delivered themselves up to the government, they consisted only of 120 individuals,* who were in 1832 transported to Flinders Island. This island, situated between Tasmania and Australia, is forty miles long, and from twelve to eighteen miles broad: it seems healthy, and the natives were well treated. Nevertheless, they suffered greatly in health. In 1834 they consisted (Bonwick, p. 250) of forty-seven adult males, forty-eight adult females, and sixteen children, or in all of 111 souls. In 1835 only one hundred were left. As they continued rapidly to decrease, and as they themselves thought that they should not perish so quickly elsewhere, they were removed in 1847 to Oyster Cove in the southern part of Tasmania. They then consisted (Dec. 20th, 1847) of fourteen men, twenty-two women and ten children.*(2) But the change of site did no good. Disease and death still pursued them, and in 1864 one man (who died in 1869), and three elderly women alone survived. The infertility of the women is even a more remarkable fact than the liability of all to ill-health and death. At the time when only nine women were left at Oyster Cove, they told Mr. Bonwick (p. 386), that only two had ever borne children: and these two had together produced only three children! (* All the statements here given are taken from The Last of the Tasmanians, by J. Bonwick, 1870. * This is the statement of the Governor of Tasmania, Sir W. Denison, Varieties of Vice-Regal Life, 1870, vol. 1, p.67.). [stress added]." Charles Darwin (1871), The Descent of Man)

"Wherever the European has trod, death seems to pursue the aboriginal. We may look to the wide extent of the Americas, Polynesia, the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia, and we find the same result. Nor is it the white man alone that acts as the destroyer; the Polynesian of Malay extraction has in parts of the East Indian archipelago, thus driven before him the dark-coloured native. The varieties of man seem to act on each other in the same way as different species of animals--the stronger always extirpating the weaker [stress added]." Charles R. Darwin [1809-1882], 1839, The Voyage of the Beagle (Chapter 19: "Australia"), 1972 Bantam paperback edition (with "Introduction" by Walter Sullivan), page 376.

October 17, 1995: "...the premier [of Tasmania], Ray Groom, announced that he would introduce legislation to transfer 3800 hectares [~9390 acres] of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines. ... The Premier stressed that this was the government's first and final transfer of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines [stress added]." Lyndall Ryan, 1996, The Aboriginal Tasmanians [2nd edition] (Australia: Allen & Unwin), page 310.

"The Tasmanian Aboriginal population was gradually wiped out with the arrival of Europeans in the 19th century, however more than 4,000 people [~.84% of the population] claim Aboriginality in Tasmania today. Evidence of their link with the landscape has survived in numerous cave paintings. Many Aboriginal sites remain sacred and closed to visitors, but a few, such as the cliffs around Woolnorth [in the extreme northwest of Tasmania], display this indigenous art for all to see [stress added]." Zoë Ross [Managing Editor], 1998, Australia (Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.), page 445. 

ADDITIONAL NOTES: The term "genocide" was first used by Raphael Lemkin [1900-1949] in his 1944 publication entitled Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: "By genocide we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." Lemkin combined a Greek and Latin root to create the word. On the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Elie Wiesel: "But because of his telling, many who did not care to believe have come to believe, and some who did not care have come to care. He tells the story out of infinite pain, partly to honor the dead, but also to warn the living--to warn the living that it could happen again and that it must never happen again. Better that one heart be broken a thousand times in the retelling, he has decided, if it means that a thousand other hearts need not be broken at all." Robert McAfee Brown, 1986, Night (NY: Bantam Edition), page vi.

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WEEK 3: BEGINNING MONDAY September 10, 2007

I. AUSTRALIA.

Captain James Cook [1728-1779] on Australian Aborigines: "They may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far more happier than we Europeans: being wholy unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniences so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a tranquility which is not disturb'd by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and the sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life.... They seem'd to set no Value upon anything we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer the; this is my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessarys of Life [stress added]." Tony Horwitz, 2002, Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before (NY: Henry Holt and Company), pages 177-178.

II. NO NEW READINGS:

III. FILM NOTES (repeated) forThe Last Tasmanian (located above)

IV. CHARLES DARWIN (12 February 1809 - 18 April 1882)

"In the complex history of modern biology, only Darwin's theory of evolution has so shocked the mind as to raise serious questions about man's place in the universe. Darwin forced men to consider that they are animals, and that the designs of creation are played out on a much wider stage than was imagined. From the point of view of the theory of evolution, mankind is only one species among thousands which have their place within the field of organic life on earth. The fact that people took the theory of evolution as an enemy of religion only shows how rigidly they understood the idea of God [stress added]." Jacob Needleman, 1975, A Sense of the Cosmos: The Encounter of Modern Science and Ancient Truth (NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc.), page 64.

"The [1937] Hungarian Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine], Szent-Györgyi [von Nagyrapolt], once said that a scientist should see what everybody else has seen and then think what nobody has thought. Nobody did this better than Charles Darwin, who first realized that the evolution of life took place by Natural Selection. Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution by Natural Selection [stress added]." J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin and the Galapagos.

FROM: USA Today, January 4, 1999: "The idea was simple. Sit around and pick the 1,000 most important people of the millenium. ... [#1] Johannes Gutenberg (1394?-1468) Inventor of printing.... [#5] William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 'Mirror of the millennium's soul'.... [#6] Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion helped propel the Age of Reason.... [#7] Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of Evolution [stress added]." From the book by Barbara and Brent Bowers & Agnes Hooper Gottlieb and Henry Gottlieb, 1998, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men And Women Who Shaped The Millennium.

The concept of CHANGE is definitely vital to an understanding of Darwin, whether you are reading Darwin himself, reading about him, or discussing him. In 1859 Darwin published On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Please note the changes Darwin made in the SIX editions of the same volume during his lifetime (as calculated by Morse Peckham [Editor], 1959, The Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text):

In the 5th edition of 1869, Darwin used (for the first time) the famous phrase (borrowed from Herbert Spencer [1820-1903]): "Survival of the Fittest." In the 6th edition of 1872, "On" was dropped from the title. In the 1st edition of 1859, Darwin only had the following phrase about human beings: "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history." In the 2nd edition of 1860 Darwin wrote the following:

"Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator [stress added] into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

INCIDENTALLY, in his 1839 publication The Voyage Of The Beagle, Darwin wrote the following:

"Among the scenes which are deeply impressed on my mind, none exceed in subliminity the primeval forests undefaced by the hand of man; whether those of Brazil, where the powers of Life are predominant, or those of Tierra del Fuego, where Death and Decay prevail. Both are temples filled with the varied productions of the God of Nature:--no one can stand in these solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body [STRESS added]" 1839, page 436.

"The great value of Darwinism, it seems to me, was that it jolted modern men into questioning various sentimental beliefs about nature and man's place in it. In this, Darwin's influence closely parallels that of Galileo [1564-1642]. Just as the first modern astronomers and physicists destroyed a naive geocentrism, so Darwin and his successors overwhelmingly displaced what may be called homocentrism, the belief that nature exists for the sake of man [stress added]." Jacob Needleman, 1975, A Sense of the Cosmos: The Encounter of Modern Science and Ancient Truth (NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc.), page 72.

AND PLEASE CONSIDER the words of the Pulitzer Prize Winner (1940) and Nobel Prize Winner (1962) John Steinbeck (1902-1968) on Charles R. Darwin: "In a way, ours is the older method, somewhat like that of Darwin on the Beagle. He was called a 'naturalist'. He wanted to see everything, rocks and flora and fauna; marine and terrestrial. We came to envy this Darwin on his sailing ship. He had so much room and so much time. ... This is the proper pace for a naturalist. Faced with all things he [or she] cannot hurry. We must have time to think and to look and to consider [stress added]." John Steinbeck, 1951, The Log From The Sea of Cortez [1967 printing: Pan Books: London], page 123.

"Biologists do not accept the truth of evolution on the basis of Darwin's authority but on the basis of the evidence. Evolutionary theory has been out of Darwin's hands from the moment The Origin of Species appeared in 1859. Once Darwin published his evolutionary hypotheses and the evidence upon which they were based, these entered the public domain of knowledge, and others took the ball and ran with it. Scientific knowledge is not 'owned' by any individual so no individual, even the discoverer, can 'take back' a theory [stress added]. Robert T. Pennock, 1999, Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism (MIT Press), page 71.

"Biology also became historical after the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's [1809-1882] theory of evolution by natural selection. He argued that all species were descended from earlier ones, and that all creatures were locked in a struggle for existence which selected for the traits most advantageous for surival at a given time and place. Darwin's ideas were the most revolutionary and powerful scientific propositions of modern times, and posed a direct challenge to religious accounts of the origins of life and humankind. For this reason his views attracted vigorous opposition, especially from those who took the Bible as the literal word of God. ... gradually Darwin's views became--with modifications--universally accepted among the world's scientifically educated [stress added]." J.R. McNeill & William H. McNeill, 2003, The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History (NY: W.W. Norton & Co.), page 176.

http://darwin.ws/day/ [Darwin Day Home Page]
http://www.galapagos.org/cdf.htm [Charles Darwin Foundation, Inc.]
http://www.aboutdarwin.com/ [About Darwin.com]
http://www.gruts.demon.co.uk/darwin/index.htm [The Friends of Charles Darwin Home Page]
wysiwyg://5/http://www.iexplore.com/multimedia/galapagos.jhtml [The Galápagos Islands!]
http://www.natcenscied.org [The National Center for Science Education]
http://www.darwinawards.com/ [Official Darwin Awards} "...showing us just how uncommon common sense can be." Wendy Northcutt, 2000, The Darwin Awards: Evolution in Action (Dutton).  

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WEEK 4: BEGINNING MONDAY September 17, 2007

I. AUSTRALIA AND PACIFIC CHANGES (CONTINUED)

"The term Polynesia was coined by Charles de Brosses [1709-1777] in 1756 and applied to all the Pacific islands. The present restricted use was proposed by Dumont D'Urville [1790-1842] during a famous lecture at the Geographical Society of Paris in 1831. At the same time he also proposed the terms Melanesia and Micronesia for the regions which still bear those names [stress added]." David Stanley, 1989, South Pacific Handbook (Chico, CA: Moon Publications, Inc.), page 51.

II. READINGS

A. This Guidebook: 1972 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1972TonganPaper.html [Tongan Social Structure: Data From An Ethnographic Reconstruction]. Originally presented on December 2, 1972, at the ASAO [Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania] Symposium that I organized for the 71st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Toronto, Canada.

B. This Guidebook: 1976 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pub_Papers/John_Thomas.html [John Thomas, Tongans, and Tonga! The Tonga Chronicle (July 15, 1976), Nuku'alofa, Tonga, Vol. 13, No. 7: 7.]

III. FILM NOTES forFirst Contact (located below)  

IV. ANTHROPOLOGY & CYBERSPACE (located below)

V. A "sample" self-paced exam should be available at: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH373FA2007TESTOne.htm by FRIDAY September 21, 2007, to assist you in the examination on September 28, 2007. 

VI. PACIFIC MAP ON EXAM I: Based on the Map printed in this Guidebook at the end of Week I (above).

VII. A REPEAT of some of the PowerPoints used on Day one of the class (August 27, 2007) is available at:

http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PowerPoint/ANTH373FA2007

FIRST CONTACT VIDEOTAPE = Based on a 1987 book entitled First Contact by Bob Connolly and Robin Anderson [CSUC: GN/671/N5/C66/1987]. Footage of 1930's expedition into New Guinea by the Leahy brothers: Michael, Daniel, and James Leahy.

FROM THE VIDEO: "It's no good pretending I went up there for the good of the natives, because I didn't. I went there for the good of James Leahy, and I didn't do too badly. ... The only reason we killed people was simply if we hadn't killed them, they would have killed us and our carriers." See San Francisco Chronicle of 8 September 1983 and the words of a New Guinea Native stated in the film: "That man from heaven has just excreted, he told us. As soon as the white man went away, everyone went to look. Their skin is different, we said, but their s--- smells just like ours."

"Of all the colonised people of the earth, New Guinea's highlanders must surely rank among the most fortunate. Colonial domination came late in the day and was short lived--a mere half-century of foreign rule. The Australians arrived in 1930, and left in 1975--not a long time in the scheme of things. Largely because of this, the highland people were spared many of colonialism's more manifest evils [page 9]." ... "This book [and the videotape] is based primarily on interviews with highlanders and Australians who took part in the events described [1930's+] and on the diaries and other written records of the Australians. The interviews were recorded in Papua New Guinea and Australia between 1981 and 1985 [stress added] (page 307)."

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ANTHROPOLOGY & CYBERSPACE (FALL 2007)

"In the summer of 1994 [and how old were you then?] the Internet was still mainly an academic plaything. The company that became Netscape Communications had not yet released its web browser. Many computers still ran MS-DOS. Intel's new Pentium chip was a luxury, and a 1-gigabyte hard drive was considered huge." Stephen H. Wildstrom, Lessons from a Dizzying Decade in Tech. Business Week, June 14, 2004, page 25.

CYBERSPACE: A term used William Gibson in Neuromancer (1984) to describe interactions in a world of computers and human beings. Cyberspace can be viewed as another location to be explored and interpreted by anthropologists. Urbanowicz believes that the "World Wide Web" is very similar to the period known as "The Enlightenment" in France (which, combined with the industrial revolution that began in approximately the 1760's, created the world that we know today). For some of the reasons that Urbanowicz does what he does, see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/K12Visuals98.htm. If you "surf" the web (and I do), please surf carefully and evaluate wisely: below you have some examples for information concerning "Charles R. Darwin" available on the web at various points in time: note the different amounts of data generated by different search engines: evaluate carefully! Before examing the "Search Engine Results" below, please consider the following: 

Incidentally, MSN Search had 538,697 on April 23, 2007. Two things should be obvious: (#1) interest in Darwin appeats to be accelerating and (#2), obviously, just as with people, all "search engines" are not created equal and there is "cultural selection" involved in everything we do! How does one "evaluate" and "use" this wide range of information? One does it just as Darwin did, carefully, patiently, and slowly, for as Darwin wrote:

"False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science, for they often endure long; but false views, if supported by some evidence, do little harm, for every one takes a salutary pleasure in proving their falseness: and when this is done, one path towards error is closed and the road to truth is often at the same time opened." Charles R. Darwin, 1871, The Descent of Man And Selection in Relation to Sex[1981 Princeton University Press edition, with Introduction by John T. Bonner and Robert M. May], Chapter 21, page 385.

"Though Darwin died more than a century before the advent of the World Wide Web, his unforgiving survival theory applied as much to outdoors-oriented sites as to the species. The fittest are still with us...." Michael Shapiro, 2002, Returning to nature easier after trekking through Net. San Francisco Chronicle, June 2, 2002,Section C8, page 8.

"The driving force in the semiconductor industry has been the theorem known as Moore's Law. First posited by Intel Corp. co-founder Gordin Moore in the 1960s, Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that fit on a chip will double every 18 months. ... Moore's Law has held true so far, with Intel's latest Pentium cramming 8 million transistors on a tiny sliver of silicon. The industry is confident that it can achieve even more astounding figures, such as 100 million transistors on a chip [stress added]." San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page E1.

"The great thing about crummy software is the amount of employment it generates. If Moore's law is upheld for another 20 or 30 years, there will not only be a vast amount of computation going on planet Earth, but the maintenance of that computation will consume the efforts of almost every living person. We're talking about a planet of help desks [stress added]." Jaron Lanier, 2000, One-Half of a Manifesto: Why stupid software will save the future from neo-Darwinian machines. Wired, December 2000, 8.12, pages 158-179, page 174.

"'It's the information age, and librarians are the information specialists,' said Kevin Starr, state librarian for California. ... I think information service is the profession for the millennium [said Cora Iezza]." Beyond the Dewey Decimal. Julie N. Lynem, July 14, 2002, The San Francisco Chronicle, page B1.

"When this circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?" In Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is The Massage, page 20.

"Clyde Presowitz says he had a revelation in 2003 when his oldest son, a software developer living on Lake Tahoe in California, asked him to co-invest in a snow-removal company. Why, wondered Prestowitz, would his high-tech offspring go into a business 'as mundane as snow removal?' Explained the son: "Dad, they can't move the snow to India [stress added].'" Paul Magnusson, 2005, Why Asia Will Eat Our Lunch [book review of]: Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (2005) by Clyde Prestowitz, Business Week, June 20, 2005, page 22. 

"Career advice for the 21st century: Stay away from any job that can be done online.... profiting from the Darwinian labor economics of the Internet [stress added]." Mani and Me: Hearing 'Mister,' I work Cheap' From Across The Globe. Lee Gomes, June 3, 2002, The Wall Street Journal, page B.

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak [stress added].'" In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15.

"Google--or any search engine--isn't just another website; it's the lens through which we see that information, and it affects what we see and don't see. At the risk of waxing Orwellian, how we search affects what we find and by extension, how we learn what we know [stress added]. Lev Grossman, 2003, Search And Destroy. Time, December 22, 2003, pages 46-50, page 50.

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WEEK 5: BEGINNING MONDAY September 24, 2007

I. WORLD WAR II AND REVIEW AND EXAM I (25%) on FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 28, 2007

"To the overwhelming majority of Europeans [and, perhaps, Americans] the term the Second World War immediately conjures up memories or impressions of the conflict against Hitler's Germany. Perceptions of this war vary greatly from nation to nation.... That Europeans should be Eurocentric in their view of events is natural." H. P. Willmott, 1982, Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Insitute Press), page 1.

II. READINGS TO DATE:

1. Oliver: 1} The Islands and the Islanders in Pre-colonial Times; part of [hereafter p/o] Ch. 10} Coconuts (pp. 130-138); and Ch. 12} Sea Harvest.  

2. Oliver: 2} Explorers: 1521-1792; Oliver: 3} Whalers, Traders, and Missionaries: 1780-1850; Oliver: 7} Lives; p/o 11} Sugar (pp. 174-175).

3. Kane} Pages 7-31 as well as pages 98-101.  

4. This Guidebook: 1993 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FSep-30-93.html [Peoples & Cultures of the Pacific: Okeania est omnis divisa in partes tres. For the Anthropology Forum on September 30, 1993, at California State University, Chico.]

5. This Guidebook: 2004 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PacificWAMLApril2004.html [Mapping The Islands of the Pacific: Islanders and Others (Including Cook and Darwin). For a presentation at the WAML (Western Association of Map Libraries) Conference, April 29-31, 2004, at CSU, Chico.]  

6. This Guidebook: 1998 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pacific/Tasmania.html [Comments on Tasmanian Publications of 1884 and 1973/74].

7. This Guidebook: 1972 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1972TonganPaper.html [Tongan Social Structure: Data From An Ethnographic Reconstruction]. Originally presented on December 2, 1972, at the ASAO [Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania] Symposium that I organized for the 71st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Toronto, Canada.

8. This Guidebook: 1976 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pub_Papers/John_Thomas.html [John Thomas, Tongans, and Tonga! The Tonga Chronicle (July 15, 1976), Nuku'alofa, Tonga, Vol. 13, No. 7: 7.] 

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WEEK 6: BEGINNING MONDAY October 1, 2007

I. INTO MELANESIA.

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity [stress added]." Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

II. READINGS:

A. Oliver: 4} Planters, Labor Recruiters, and merchants: 1850-1914.

III. FILM NOTES for Dead Birds (located below).

IV. INCIDENTALLY, PLEASE CONSIDER THE HISTORICALSIGNIFICANCE OF AN EVENT WHICH OCCURED FIFTY YEARS AGO THIS WEEK ON OCTOBER 4, 1957:

"History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race." [From: http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/] 

FROM THE VIDEO: "There is a fable told by the mountain people living in the ancient Highlands of New Guinea about a race between a snake and a bird. It tells of a contest which decided if men would be like birds and die, or be like snakes which shed their skins and have eternal life. The bird won and from that time, all men, like birds, must die."

FROM THE VIDEO: "The ghosts, which more than anything else, rule the lives of these people, are known to be most active in the dark. ... The enemy came this morning to kill, to avenge the ghost of their warrior slain by Wejak's group more than two weeks before. Until they do, they live in a state of spiritual decline. Both sides believe that each man has a soul, to which they attribute the shape of seeds. These seeds at birth are planted in the solar plexus. They call them edai-egen, or seeds of singing. Until a child is able to walk and talk, his edai-egen are only rudimentary. As he or she grows older, the edai-egen also grow. One's soul, or seeds, are especially sensitive to the death of a friend or a member of the family. By contrast, causing the death of an enemy is tonic for the soul and lifts the spirit."

"Sociopolitical Organization. [of the Dani. It is] Kinship based. patrilineal sibs and moieties are cross-cut by territorial confederations and alliances. The alliances are the largest social groups and have up to 5,000 people [stress added]." Karl Heider, 1997, Seeing Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology Through Film (Boston: Allyn & Bacon), page 59.

FROM THE VIDEO: "A little boy is dying by the Aikhe [River]....Each life that's taken is celebrated by both sides. The ones that lose a life prepare a chair, the only furniture that they know, to lift the corpse for ghosts to see while they cry and have their funeral....The bones are all together--the end of all the work and love it took to make a boy."

FROM THE VIDEO: "Soon both men and birds will surrender to the night. They'll rest for the life and death of days to come. For each, both awaits; but with the difference that men, having foreknowledge of their doom, bring a special passion to their life. They will not simply wait for death nor will they bear it lightly when it comes--instead they'll try with measured violence to fashion fate themselves. They kill to save their souls and, perhaps to ease the burden of knowing what birds will never know and when they as men, who have forever killed each other, cannot forget...."

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WEEK 7: BEGINNING MONDAY October 8, 2007 

I. INTO MELANESIA CONTINUED.

"The ethnographic method has long been associated with Malinowski, who repeatedly claimed credit for its invention. But while Malinowski--through his many students--was clearly responsible for establishing local, village-based research as the anthropological norm in Britain, claims that he single-handedly developed the ethnographic method during his fieldwork in the Trobriands are exaggerated." Robert L. Welsch, 1998, An American Anthropologist in Melanesia: A.B. Lewis and the Joseph N. Field South Pacific Expedition 1909-1913, pages 558-559.

II. READINGS:

A. Oliver: 5} Miners and Administrators: 1914-1939; p/o 10} Sugar (pp. 154-173); p/o Ch. 11} Sea harvest (pp. 1940-203); and p/o Ch. 13} Mines (pp. 220-228).

B. This Guidebook: 1968 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Malinowski1968.html [Comments on Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942). For the Graduate Seminar (ANTH 507) taken at the University of Oregon in the Fall Quarter of 1968. The original paper was entitled "Notes" and was dated October 29, 1968 and was originally placed on the WWW on December 30,1998.

III. NOTES for Malinowski (located immediately below).

"The ethnographic method has long been associated with Malinowski, who repeatedly claimed credit for its invention. But while Malinowski--through his many students--was clearly responsible for establishing local, village-based research as the anthropological norm in Britain, claims that he single-handedly developed the ethnographic method during his fieldwork in the Trobriands are exaggerated. As Stocking (1983 [Observers And Observed: Essays on Anthropological Fieldwork, pages 70-120] has shown, Malinowski was at best only one of a number of fieldworkers who had been experimenting with systematic village-based research for several years; he was certainly not the first. But as a prolific and talented writer, who was equally adept at self-promotion, he transformed the discipline in Britain in a single generation [stress added]." Robert L. Welsch, 1998, An American Anthropologist in Melanesia: A.B. Lewis and the Joseph N. Field South Pacific Expedition 1909-1913, pages 558-559.

"The ability to understand very different kinds of people is often related to an innate lack of set values and standards. It is no accident that a great novelist like Balzac [1799-1850], who could penetrate and portray with impartial accuracy the character of bankers, prostitutes, and artists, was a relativist of psychopathic proportions. It is also no accident that the most successful field worker in the history of anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski [1884-1942], was the most eccentric and controversial figure ever to enter the field of anthropology [stress added]" Abraham Kardiner and Edward Preble, 1961, They Studied Man (NY: Mentor Book), page 140.

"Bronislaw Malinowski [1884-1942], my father, was strongly influenced by women all his life: by his Polish mother, his two British wives, his women pupils; by women not his pupils with whom he had intellectual friendships; and by the women of various nationalities whom he loved. He also had three daughters, of whom I am the youngest [stress added]." Helena Wayne (Malinowska), 1985, Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on His Life and Works. American Ethnologist, Vol. 12, No. 3, pages 529-540, page 529.

"Malinowski [1884-1942] has a strong claim to being the founder of the profession of social anthropology in Britain, for he established its distinctive apprenticeship--intensive fieldwork in an exotic community. For the fifteen years [1923-1938] which he spent at the London School of Economics after his return from the Trobriand islands he was the only master ethnographer in the country, and virtually everyone who wished to do fieldwork in the modern fashion went to work with him [stress added]." Adam Kuper, 1973, Anthropologists and Anthropology: The British School 1922-1972 (London: Allen Lane), page 13.

"In England Bronislaw Malinowski [1884-1942] had just begun to publish the results of his field research on the Trobriand Islands. Yet in the 1920s American anthropology was far from being in the mainstream of scholarship. It was most certainly not a career which could promise security or many rewards to an ambitious scholar. There was a jocose saying among anthropologists in the late '20s that 'You don't have to be crazy to become an anthropologist, but it sure helps.' Another comment, credited to Malinowski, was 'Anthropology is the study of man, embracing woman.' However one felt about the validity of these observations, it was true that one needed a high degree of determination and dedication, as well as a natural curiosity and a sense of the romantics, to select anthropology as a career in those early days [stress added]." Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, 1971, Ralph Linton (Columbia University Press), page 5.

"An anthropologist on a South Sea Island! How romantic! But the reality entails a kind of squalid loneliness which might otherwise be encountered only by a victim of political torture in solirtary confinement. The anthropologists's position is highly anomalous. He [or she!] wants to understand the values of the society which he observes around him, yet his ultimate purpose is to translate those values into his own. He must not be totally absorbed--he must not be brainwashed. So the more deeply he comes to know his tribal families the more desperately he clutches at any tenuous straw which may help him to remember that he is still, in his own right, a member of modern civilisation. Letters from home become treasures... The private diaries of fieldwork anthropologists record.... Bronislaw Malinowski, the originator of modern anthropological field method, kept such diaries in New Guinea and Melanesia in 1914-15 and 1917-18, and it is to the discredit of all concerned that they have been committed to print. ...The context of the diary adds nothing at all to our understanding of Malinowski's work as an anthropologist. ... Malinowski's widow, who holds the copyright, justifies the publication by claiming that these documents give 'direct insight into the author's inner personality'. They do nothing of the sort, but both Malinowski and his loved ones survive their sacrifice to Mammon remarkably well [stress added]." Edmund Leach, 1967, An Anthropologist's Trivia [originally published in The Guardian on 11 August 1967 as a review of A Diary in the Strictest Sense of the Term]. Stephen Hugh-Jones and James Laidlaw [editors], 2000, The Essential Edmund Leach Volume I: Anthropology and Society (Yale University Press), pages 61-62.

"A great deal has been written about the publication of this book [A Diary In The Strict Sense of the Term, 1967]. I myself don't think it was well edited and presented, but I have read other early diaries and diary fragments of my father's and can see what a difficult task it is to translate and edit such jottings. All the more, I feel the diaries should not have been published as they were but kept, together with his correspondence of that time, as raw material for a biographer, or perhaps published in a different form. I know many anthropologists do not agree with my point of view. They have mined the diaries for insights (often distorted insights) into Malinowski's character and into what day-to-day life in the field can mean, and have found these insights most valuable [stress added]." Helena Wayne (Malinowska), 1985, Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on His Life and Works. American Ethnologist, Vol. 12, No. 3, pages 529-540, page 540.

BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI} "Anthropology is the science of the sense of humour. It can be thus definied without too much pretentiousness or facetiousness. For to see ourselves as others see is is but the reverse and the counterpart of the gift to see others as they really are and as they want to be: And this is the metier of the anthropologist. He [and she!] has to break down the barriers of race and cultural diversity; he has to find the human being in the savage; he has to discover the primitive in the highly sophisticated Westerner of to-day, and, perhaps, to see that the animal, and the divine as well, are to be found everywhere in man [stress added]." Bronislaw malinowski, 1937, Introduction. Julius E. Lips, 1937, The Savage Strikes Back (Hyde Park, NY: University Books), pages vii-ix, page vii.

ON BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI (1884-1942): "Nineteen twenty-two saw the publication of The Waste Land [by T.S. Elliot] and Ulysses [by James Joyce], as well as Argonauts of the Western Pacific and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown's first monograph, The Andaman Islanders, all of which effectively remapped the discourse of their fields. As George Stocking notes, 1922 also saw the death of the prominent British anthropologist W.H.R. Rivers [born 1864], more than symbolically marking Malinowski's victory as the leading light in British cultural anthropology. ... For his publication of this book Malinowski has been credited with creating, virtually overnight, the seminal twentieth-century anthropological discourse known as the monograph.... [stress added]." Marc Manganaro, 2002, Culture, 1922: The Emergence of a Concept (Princeton University Press), pages 7-8 and page 56.

ON BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI (1884-1942): "Bronislaw Malinowski is perhaps the first recognized ethnographer. He spent more than two years doing fieldwork in a foreign land and set forth the the first scientific caveats of doing good ethnography. He believed it possible to conduct a scientific study of human behavior in the naturalistic surroundings of cultures, far from a laboratory. Set in the emiricism of the day, Malinowski's method strained to stay rigorous in application while bowing to the unpredictability of both the fieldworker and those being studied. Malinowski launched the modern ethnographic method, which soon became a staple method of an entire discipline, the later, the adopted method of many other disciplines [stress added]." Robert Sands, 2002, Sport Ethnography (Champaign, Ill: Sport Kinetics), page 9.

1938 WORDS OF BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI: "For, to quote William James [1842-1910] , 'Progress is a terrible thing.' It is terrible to those of us who half a century ago were born into a world of peace and order; who cherished legitimate hopes of stability and gradual development; and who now have to live through the dishonesty and immorality of the very historical happenings. I refer to the events of the last few years which seem to demonstrate once more than Might is Right; that bluff, impudence and aggression succeed where a decent readiness to co-operate has failed [stress added]." From the "Introduction" to Jomo Kenyatta, 1938, Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu (NY: 1962 Vintage Books edition], page ix.

COMMENT ON BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI [1884-1942]} "'That man had no aesthetic sense. If as if he was color-blind,'[Giancarlo] Scoditti said. 'Reading Malinowski, when he talks of the canoe prow boards or the dance [in the Trobriand Islands], one sees a world of absolute grayness. I was overwhelmed by the colors and vivacity of everything." Alexander Stille, 2002, The Future of the Past (NY: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux), page 161.

NOTE A.R.Radcliffe-Brown [1881-1955] from a 1940 paper: "I hope you will pardon me if I begin with a note of personal explanation. I have been described on more than one occasion as belonging to something called the 'Functional School of Social Anthropology' and even as being its leader, or one of its leaders. This Functional School does not really exist; it is a myth invented by Professor Malinowski [1884-1942]. He has explained how, to quote his own words, 'the magnificent title of the Functional School of Anthropology has been bestowed by myself, in a way on myself, and to a large extent out of my own sense of irresponsibility.' Professor Malinowski's irresponsibility has had unfortunate results, since it has spread over anthropology a dense fog of discussion about 'functionalism.' Professor Lowie [1883-1957] has announced that the leading, though not the only, exponent of functionalism in the nineteenth century was Professor Boas [1858-1942]. I do not think that there is any special sense, other than the purely chronological one, in which I can said to be either the follower of Professor Boas or the predecessor of Professor malinowski. The statement that I am a 'functionalist,' or equally the statement that I am not, would seem to me to convey no definite meaning. There is no place in natural science for 'schools' in this sense, and I regard social anthropology as a branch of natural science. Each scientist starts from the work of his [of her!] predecessors, finds problems which he believes to be significant, and by observation and reasoning endeavours to make some contribution to a growing body of theory. Co-operation among scientists results from the fact that they are working on the same or related problems. Such co-operation does not result in the formation of schools, in the sense in which there are schools of philosophy or of painting. There is no place for orthodoxies and heterodoxies in science. Nothing is more pernicious in science than attempts to establish adherence to doctrines. All that a teacher can do is assist the student in learning to understand and use the scientific method. It is not his business to make disciples. I conceive of social anthropology as the theoretical natural science of human society, that is, the investigation of social ,phenomena by methods essentially similar to those used in the physical and biological sciences. I am quite willing to call the subject 'comparative sociology,' if anyone so wishes [stress added]." On Social Structure. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 70, 1940, pages 1-12, pages 1 + 2.

Interesting (And Somewhat Appropriate) Web Sites Are:

http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/socthink/malinowski.html [Bronislaw Malinowski]
http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/information/biography/klmno/malinowski_bronislaw.html [Bronislaw Malinowski]  

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WEEK 8: BEGINNING MONDAY October 15, 2007

I. MELANESIA AND CHANGES AND WORLD WAR II

"The Pacific war was waged with a barbarism, savageness and race hatred that is unparalleled in history. Each side regarded the other with seething contempt and saw the other as subhuman animals. Atrocities abounded, with no quarter being asked and none given. With the jungle for a battlefield and flamethrowers, suicide fighters and cannibalism almost routine, the conflict was often described by the participants as a descent into the deepest hell [stress added]." Paul D. Walker, 2003 , Truman's Dilemma: Invasion or The Bomb (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Co.), page 15.

II. READINGS:

A. Oliver: 6} The Dimensions of Change; p/o Ch #9} Souls (pp. 126-129).

B. This Guidebook: 1991 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Forum/Dec1991.html [Prelude to Pearl Harbor: Operation Hawai'i. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, December 5.) 

C. This Guidebook: 2005 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WorldWarIIEnds2005.html [World War II Ends! For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum at CSU, Chico, September 1.]

III. FILM NOTES for Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal (below).  

IV. REMEMBER
A. EXAM II (30%) on Friday November 9, 2007.
B. WORDS / THOUGHTS ON "TRADITION ("CULTURE")

"A fiddler on the roof. Sounds crazy, no? But in our little village of Anatevka, you might say that every one of us is a fiddler on the roof, trying to scratch out a pleasant, simple tune without breaking his neck. It isn't easy. You may ask, why do we stay up here if it's so dangerous. We stay because Anatevka is our home. And how do we keep our balance? That I can tell you in a word--tradition!" Hoseph p. Swain, 2002, The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), page 281 (citing Joseph Stein, 1964, Fiddler on the Roof (NY: Crown), page 1.

V.THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL CULTURE: WORLD WAR II AS CULTURAL PHENOMENA! (and see http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm as well as http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/WWII/ww2.html and http://quaboag.k12.ma.us/worwar.html and http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/) and http://www.yadvashem.org.il and http://www.vwc.edu/WWWpages/dgraf/holocaus.htm and finally: http://www.ushmm.org.

"To anyone born after 1980, World War Two must seem as distant as the Civil War was to our parents." The character "Dirk Pitt" in Atlantis Found, 1999, by Clive Cussler [2001 Berkley paperback], page 503.

"...even in the United States. The undercurrent of genteel anti-Semitism was always there. The occasional violence of the more ignorant street gangs always existed. But there was also the pull of Nazism. We can discount the German-American Bund, which was an open arm of the Nazis. However, people such as the Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin [1891-1979] and the aviation hero Charles Lindbergh [1902-1974] openly expressed anti-Semitic views. There were also homegrown Fascist movements that rallied round the anti-Semitic banner [stress added]." Isaac Asimov [1920-1992], 1994, I. Asimov: A Memoir (NY: Bantam Books), page 20.

"To mark the arrival of the year 2000, a panel of Chronicle editors and reporters gathered recently for a series of discussions about the top news events of the past 100 years." The "Top World Event" was World War II. "In short, this war changed everything--the way the world looked, and the way people looked at the world." The San Francisco Chronicle, December 27, 1999, page 1.

"Put the world in perspective. After Sept. 11 [2001], we're far less worried by little annoyances. ... So many things seem less significant now than before Sept. 11. ... Many of us have had a change of perspective...." Karen S. Peterson, USA Today, November 13, 2001, page 1.

"Lisa, get away from that jazzman! Nothing personal. I just fear the unfamiliar [stress added]." Marge Simpson, February 11, 1990, Moaning Lisa. Matt Groening et al., 1997, The Simpsons: A Complete Guide To Our Favorite Family (NY: HarperCollins), page 22.

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." Clarke's Third Law, Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible by Arthur C. Clarke, 1984, page 26. 

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MARGARET MEAD'S NEW GUINEA JOURNAL = Margaret Mead [1901-1978] discusses the cultural transformation of the people of Manus Island (largest of the Admiralty Islands in Melanesia) based on her visits to the village of Peri in 1928, 1953, and 1967.

HISTORICAL NOTE: "America's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead authored scientific studies...that made anthropology meaningful to an unprecedented number of American readers. Coming of Age in Samoa [1928] and Growing Up In New Guinea [1930] both ranked as national best sellers; these and other studies introduced Americans to cultures where male and female roles differed markedly from those in Western society.... Over the years Margaret Mead became a national institution; she wrote over thirty books and lectured widely. Of her profession she concluded (in her autobiography): 'There is hope, I believe, in seeing the human adventure as a whole and in the shared trust that knowledge about mankind, sought in reverence for life, can bring life [1972, Blackberry Winter]." Vincent Wilson, Jr., 1992, The Book of Distinguished American Women, page 68.

"Margaret Mead arrived at the American Museum of Natural History in 1926. Having just completed her first significant ethnographic research in Samoa, she was wappointed assistant curator in the Department of Anthropology. ... Over the course of her fifty-two year association with the Museum, Margaret Mead was a scientist, curator, teacher, author, social activist, and media celebrity. The success of her first book, Coming of Age in Samoa, published in 1928, had thrust her into the mdia spotlight" [stress added]." Nancy C. Lutkehaus, 2001-2002, American Icon. Natural History, 12/01 - 1/02, pages 14 & 15, page 14.

"Although the earliest recorded European contact with the main part of Manus [Island] was probably by Menezes in 1517....substantial impact did not take place until the 1870s, when the area became a commercial source of pearlshell, tortoise shell, and beche-de-mer. By the time of German annexation in 1884, most of the Manus were familiar with European goods, if not with Europeans themselves. ... By the early 1920s almost the entire region had come under full Australian control. ... The fundamental change was in the Manus economy. As a result of colonization, Manus ceased to be an independent system of interdependent villages tied by a complex arrangement of production and circulation. Instead it became a dependent outlier of the main Papua New Guinean economy.... [stress added]." James G. Carrier and Achsah H. Carrier, 1985, A Manus Centenary: Production, Kinship, and Exchange in the Admiralty Islands. American Ethnologist, Vol, 12, No. 3, pages 505-522, pages 510-511.

FROM THE VIDEO: In 1928, there was an endless effort to repay debts to one another in the islands; marriage was purely a financial arrangement. Copra was the main export of the territory and Manus Islanders "were in the European world but not of it." In traditional times, as hard as life was for men it was harder for women: surrounded by various taboos.

"When the people of Peri beat the death drums as our canoe pulled away from the village in 1929, neither they nor I expected that I would ever return. ...In 1953, twenty-five years after the first field work in Peri village, I decided to go back in response to questions no one had answered about the incredible changes that had taken place in Manus and to find answers to new problems on the postwar world...." (Margaret Mead, New Lives For Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928-1953, 1966 edition, pp. xi-xii) ... "The transformation I witnessed in 1953 taught me a great deal about social change--change within one generation--and about the way a people who were well led could take their future in their own hands [stress added]." Margaret Mead, 1996, New Lives For Old, page: xiv & xii-xiii. ...

FROM THE VIDEO: In 1944, on the 2nd of March, American armed forc