Architectural Pattern of an Animal

Protoplasmic Grade

Cellular Grade

Cell-Tissue Grade

Tissue-Organ Grade

Organ-System Grade


Animal Body Plans

Symmetry - arrangement of body parts with reference to some axis of the body.

a. Spherical

b. Radial

c. Bilateral

Body Cavity Type

**Coelom = fluid filled space that surrounds the gut. It is lined with mesodermal peritoneum.

Acoelomates

Pseudocoelomates

Eucoelomates

Classification and Phylogeny of Animals

Taxonomy - formal system of naming and classifying plants and animals

Carolus Linnaeus (1707)

Hierarchical System

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Binomial Nomenclature -- Genus species or Genus species

Examples: Homo sapien, Clemmys marmorata

Systematics ---------------------------------------------> Evolutionary Tree or Phylogeny

Characters

Morphological Chromosomal Molecular

Characters can be either Ancestral or Derived

Clades

**Outgroups help determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived

Phylogenetic Systematics or Cladistics - most popular theory of taxonomy used to rank groups of organisms.

Traditionally -- higher taxa ranked using common descent

BUT

also amount of adaptive evolutionary change

Unlike a Clade, Grades comprise distinct adaptive zones
Example: birds closely related to alligators but different in adaptive zone so traditionally considered a distinct taxon (Class Aves)

Cladistics System must be ---------------------------------------> Monophyletic Groups

Major Divisions of Life

Two Kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia

mid 1800's - Haeckel - added a third kingdom = Protista

in 1969 - Whittaker - proposed 5 kingdom system

Monerans, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

in 1990 - cladistic classification proposed