A Cross-Linguistic Examination of Causative, Intensive, and Reciprocal
Frank Li
Department of English, CSU-Chico
Cross-linguistic typological studies of causative constructions demonstrate
that languages typically utilize one or more of the generally recognized causative
types: morphological, analytical, and lexical (Shibatani 1975, Comrie 1981,
Comrie and Polinsky 1993, Song 1996). In this paper, I focus on morphological
caustives from a cross-linguistic perspective using the GRAMCATS sample put
together by J. Bybee et al. Specifically, I examine the polysemous morphemes
that mark causation, intensity, and reciprocity, and attempt to ascertain
the direction of change of the functions of the markers in question. I accept
the view that the semantic features of FORCE and CONTROL are central to a
causative construction, and argue that the weakening of those features determines
the path of change. Evidence is provided to show that Intensive--->Causative--->Reciprocal
form a chain of grammaticization as the semantic feature FORCE is bleached
and the degree of CONTROL residing in the participants of an event is weakened
over time.