A. revolutionary in intent
1. change world completely
2. distinguishes it from right-wing conservatism
B. ultra-nationalistic
1. both Italy and Germany
2. want to expand borders
3. build national strength by increasing population
4. autarky
C. Anti-communist and anti-democratic
1. opposed to parliamentary system
2. advocated dictatorial control
3. advocated totalitarian systems
D. anti-modern
1. used modern technology
2. saw other modern developments as undermining strength of
the nations
a. like women
b. art
3. looked backward to traditional way of life
A. national humiliation during WWI
1. Germany lost
2. Italy didn't get what she wanted out of WWI
B. Economic collapse
1. established in Italy in 1920s after war economy
2. in Germany in 1930s after inflation and depression
C. Late and rapid industrialization in both countries
1. destabilized economy
2. created social unrest
D. Lack of strong democratic political tradition
1. liberal parties were weak
E. Continuing power of army undermined Weimar
F. Division of the left
1. SDs and communists split
2. fight each other instead of fighting fascism
A. Proposed as a combination of nationalism and socialism
B. Reestablish German power in the world
C. Blamed Weimar for Versailles
D. Didn't want Marxist or Bolshevik socialism
E. Based on idea of common good over individual good
1. critique of individualism
2. community of the people comes before individual interest
3. glorification of the peasantry
a. make sacrifices for the good of the whole
F. Appealed to individuals w/ traditional roles whose status
had been undermined by 20th century changes
1. small businessmen
2. lower-level professionals who lost savings in inflation
3. housewives
G. Appealed to young people wanted more change--didn't likestaid
bourgeois lifestyle
H. Appealed to soldiers from WWI
1. continued to fight after the war in the streets
I. Young people in youth groups who wanted to break out of traditional
way of life
J. Emphasis on leadership and hierarchy
1. Hitler cult carries over to all aspects of society
2. Nazification of all existing organizations
a. all orgs not destroyed were ordered to get rid of Jews
b. then restructure themselves in a hierarchical manner
K. Mannerbund--glorification of traditional masculinity
1. Male bonding from WWI--defended the nation
2. defined men as those who should make decisions for the nation
3. women's role was to bear children
4. fear of homosexuality
5. men and women in different orgs. and kids given orgs.
6. glorification of traditional family but ripped it apart
by this separation
L. Racial purity
1. world polarized between different levels of racial purity
2. Aryans at the top, Jews at the bottom
3. central goal of the regime
4. stood in the way of fulfilling other goals
M. Extermination
1. 1933--500,000 Jews in Germany
2. 1/2 killed and the rest emigrated
3. 2/3 of European Jewish pop. or 6 million Jews, were killed
4. Process
a. propaganda
b. discrimination
c. Kristalnacht-- Nov. 1938
1. 2 days of terror against Jews in Germany unleashed
2. police ordered not to interfere
3. most of Germany's synagogues and 7000 homes and stores
destroyed through fire
4. thousands of Jews taken into protective custody
5. insurance companies told not to pay for damages
6. 1 billion mark fine because Jews "provoked"
d. Jews separated from rest of pop.
1. 1941--yellow stars
2. deportation
e. Extermination--Final Solution
1. last step in a long history of anti-semitism
2. long history of forced conversions and deportations
all over Europe
N. Fascism seen as an alternative solution to 20th century problems
