A. Development policy dominated by government but towards capitalist
goals since WWII
B. Occilation between civilian and military rule
1. See this pattern in many parts of the world
2. as countries become more developed army assumes greater
political role
3. unusual pattern by western European standards
C. Class structure more complex
1. Landlords and peasants
2. now industrial class structure--workers, owners, landlords
and peasants
D. Population growth destabilizes countries
1. lower death rates, birth rates stable
2. leads to poverty, immigration
3. move to cities looking for better life--hyper urbanization
E. Politics tied to economics
1. Import substitution--corporatist mass-mobilizers (Peron)
a. reaches end of easy period of development
b. increasing technology means reliance on foreigners again
2. Leftist policies--nationalists, radicals, communists
3. Neocolonial authoritarianism--military leaders
a. rely on agriculture, mining and light industry
b. attract foreign investment
A. Begins to professionalize at the end of the 19th c.
1. 1890s L.A. countries ask for European military missions
2. to help them learn military techniques.
B. Military intervention begins in 1930s
1. to get rid of bad governments that couldn't cope with the
depression
2. constitution says military has responsibility to preserve
constitution even if means intervention
C. Caretaker phase
1. military intervenes for a short period
2. then turns over gov. to civilians
D. Military takes over for longer periods in 1960s and 70s
1. active pursuit of political power by military leaders
2. Doesn't set up one person as dictator
3. usually committee of officers govern
4. sometimes one individual dominates but usually attempt at
collective leadership
5. Military rules as an institution, not individuals
E. Why does military take over?
1. professionalism dictates that military stays out of politics
2. officer corps is middle class
a. view military as a vehicle for social and economic advancement
b. have a strong collective sense of responsibility
c. guardians of the public order
3. Say that politicians represent interest groups
4. military represents public as a whole
5. military officers are well-educated
a. see themselves as strongly unified
b. moving toward a common set of goals
6. contrast this image with political and civilian group
a. see politicians as divided
1. parties represent small interest groups--weak
2. contrast with unions--only working class
b. press is also partisan--represents certain political groups
c. business communities strongly tied to foreign powers--not
nationalistic
7. see all this division as a threat to internal security
8. economic development leads to internal disorder and rise
of communist insurgencies
F. Backbone of military is hierarchy and order
1. sees itself as for national development
2. against social disruption
3. against politics
G. Military only takes power if there is a deep disruption of
public order
H. Often asked to intervene by civilians
A. Castro takes Cuba over in 1959
1. Frightens rest of Latin America
2. Especially the military
B. Depression
1. economies in L.A. have been directed by government
2. military often intervenes when state is perceived as weak,
mismanaged or facing collapse
A. Run by BelaŁnde since 1963
1. tried to raise national consciousness
2. appeal to Inca tradition--be great again
3. increased role of state and expanded social services
4. incentives for manufacturing
5. wanted agrarian reform
a. doesn't happen
b. peasants angry and begin to riot
c. uses military to crush rebellion
6. Peruvian oil exploited by US firms
7. economy lags
B. Military sets up a regime to strengthen central gov. led by
General Velasco
1. thought Belaunde was ineffective
2. military nationalized industry
3. put limits on amount of economy that could be controlled
by foreigners
a. employees in every firm with six or more had to acquire
50% of the stock
b. representation on board of directors
c. workers become co-owners with management
d. simply took over many foreign firms
4. granted property titles to urban poor in slums
a. if people own the place they will take care of it
b. give them a stake in the regime
5. Agrarian reform
a. all large estates subject to expropriation
b. placed under supervision of worker-run cooperatives
c. by mid 1970s 3/4 of land was under this type of management
6. Acting against imperialism by organizing society and curtailing
dependence
D. Corporatist strategy
1. organized peasantry and workers into groups
2. State organization called SINAMOS of peasants, workers and
poor
3. get lower levels of society organized so they can participate
4. Not socialist and not elitist
5. integrate marginal urban and rural masses into the national
society to help industrialization and autonomous development
6. Keep under eye of state who mediates civil disputes
7. no class conflict
E. Not much repression--just a few leftist groups and press
F. 1972--Velasco replaced because of ill health--policiesallowed
to die
G. No one group behind government--tried for too much support
A. Economy dominated by US and small elite groups
1. especially copper mining
B. Communist president Allende
1. freely elected 1970
2. tried to reform Chilean econ.
3. peaceful transition to socialism
C. Radically restructuring of society
1. froze prices raised wages
2. nationalized copper mines and other industries
3. land reform--liquidated large estates
D.Military viewed this as destructive and leading to communism
1. US agrees
a. undermines economy
b. continues aid to military
E. Coup 1973
1. General Pinochet--head of regime--trained by US
2. shot president and communist leaders
3. began organizing groups to establish corporatism
4. had to destroy leftist opposition first
a. abolished political parties
b. suspended constitution
6. turned economy over to technocrats who moved to neocolonialism
a. import duties fell from 100% to 10%
b. attracted foreign investment
c. weakened working class through job loss
d. limited unions to "factory unions"
e. schools privatized
7. New constitution--president til 1989
8. Voted out in 1989 but still commander-in-chief of thearmy
9. Improved economy
a. lowered inflation from 500% to 20-30%
b. diversified economy--copper less important
10. Hurt economy
a. bankrupted agriculture and industry
b. more rural landlessness
c. lower wages
A. politics is divisive and military is hierarchical
1. hierarchy threatened by divisive political issues
2. destroys their ideology when military divides into political
camps
B. global economic recession in early 1980s
1. high unemployment blamed on military governments
C. general trend away from state directed economies
1. less efficient
2. gov. begins selling off state-run enterprises
3. military sees parties as less of a threat
