• The female has a space between her body and carapace as the brood chamber
• The eggs develop into embryos in the brood chamber
• Once released from the chamber, they grow by molting only when they have enough stored energy
• In preparation for molting, the inner part of the exoskeleton is reabsorbed and secretion of a new exoskeleton is bugun below the remnants of the old exoskeleton
• During molting, the animal absorbs water and pulls itself out of the neck
• Large degree of diversity depending on environmental conditions
• Neonates are released just before the mother molts

• Parthenogenetically
• Asexual reproduction, most individuals are female and smaller
• Sexually reproduction:
• Starts with asexual reproduction of mixed clutches of male and females
• Fertilizaton by the male; zygote cell divide and then enter diapause
• Resulting eggs are resistant to drying and freezing
• Development is dictated by environmental conditions
• Neonates molt 2-7 times

ACTIVITY:

• None available

• Swimmers (jerky)
• (Thorp, 1991 pg.723)