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Chapter I Overview of the
Nervous System
- Identify the
ways in which a human figure can be divided or sectioned
for study.
- Define the
following directional terms:
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
cranial
cephalic
rostral
caudal
ventral
dorsal
medial
lateral
- List the major
components of:
The Central
Nervous System
The
Peripheral Nervous System.
The
Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter
2. General Description of the Central Nervous
System
- Define and
differentiate between these terms:
gyrus
sulcus
fissure
convolution
- The basal
ganglia is composed of two structures; name them and
describe their locations and component parts.
- Describe the
location of the internal capsule. What is its function?
- Briefly
describe the functions of the limbic system.
- Discuss the
general function of the thalamus. Explain its motor function.
- Describe the
"path" of each of the following sensory modalities in
relation to the thalamus.
tactile
kinesthetic
olfactory
auditory
visual
- Describe the
location of the hypothalamus.
- What general
functions does the hypothalamus regulate?
- Why can the
thalamus be described as primarily an "input structure"? The
hypothalamus as an "output structure"?
- Name and
describe the components of the midbrain.
- List the
cranial nerves that originate in each of the component
parts of the brainstem.
- What are two
vital functions of the medulla?
- List and
describe the importance of the "landmarks" found in the
medulla.
- Discuss the
role of the cerebellum in motor movement.
- What types of
problems may result when lesions occur in the
cerebellum?
- Describe the
spinal cord, include specific location (where it starts
and where it ends) and function.
Chapter 3. The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Describe the
meninges. Include a discussion of location, function, and
the spaces that are associated with them.
- Explain the
functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
- Describe the
pattern of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, including
a description of the ventricles and their
connections.
Chapter 4. The Cerebral
Cortex & Brodmann's Areas
- Describe
Brodmann's areas
- Describe the
four cerebral lobes in terms of their locations and
boundaries.
- Describe the
major parts of the Frontal Lobe and the processes for
each.
- Describe the
Parietal Lobe's major components and their associated
functions.
- Describe the specific structures of the temporal lobe,
and the abilities/processes for each.
- Describe the
functions of the occipital Lobe.
- Describe the
disorders that may result from damage to each of these
areas in the cerebral lobes.
Broca's
area.
Angular
gyrus.
Wernicke's
area
Primary visual
area
Secondary
visual.
- Can all
functions be attributed to specific structures or parts
of the brain? Why or why not?
- List and
describe the six layers of the cortex. Where does the pyramidal tract arise?
- Describe the
location in the brain with which each of Brodmann's areas
is associated.
- Explain
the medial and lateral aspects of the motor strip in
terms of motor control and blood supply.
Chapter 5. The Corpus Striatum, Rhinencephalon, Connecting Fibers,
and Diencephalon.
- Explain the
critical nature of the internal capsule (i.e., why it is
a frequent location for lesions to occur).
- Discuss the
responses that are mediated by the limbic system. Give an example of primitive alarm and a higher level cancelling of the danger response.
- Name and
describe the cortical and subcortical structures that
make up the limbic system. What is neo-cortex?
- Differentiate
between the following types of fibers.
Efferent
fibers
Afferent
fibers
Interconnecting
fibers
Commisural
fibers
Association
fibers
- Describe the
three major groups of commisural fibers.
- What was the
most important discovery resulting from "split-brain"
research for the field of speech language
pathology?
- The following
specific relay nuclei have been scrambled. Match them
with the type of information that they are said to
process. Explain input and the
structures/locations to which information is relayed.
|
Specific relay
nuclei |
Sensory
information |
Input
from? |
Output
to? |
|
lateral geniculate
body |
somatosensory (pain,
temperature, and proprioception) |
cerebellum and basal
ganglia |
somato-sensory cortex in
the parietal lobe |
|
medial
geniculate body |
motor |
inferior colliculus of
the midbrain |
somato-sensory cortex in
the parietal lobe |
|
ventral posterolateral
nucleus |
auditory |
trigeminothalamic
tract |
motor
and premotor cortex in the frontal lobe |
|
ventral posteromedial
nucleus |
visual |
superior colliculus of
the midbrain |
auditory areas of the
cortex in the temporal lobe |
|
ventral lateral/ventral
anterior nuclei |
sensory information
(mediated by the trigeminal nerve) |
spinothalamic tract and
the medial lemniscus |
visual
areas of the cortex in the occipital lobe |
- Name and
describe the three association nuclei of the thalamus in
terms of the areas of the cortex to which their output is
sent. What is the major difference between these and the
specific thalamic relay nuclei?
- List the two
"non-specific" nuclei of the thalamus, and the one
"subcortical" nuclei.
- Match the
following groups of nuclei and regions of the
hypothalamus to the functions that they regulate.
|
preoptic area |
involved in regulation of
water intake and output, through control of the
kidneys, and production of ADH |
|
supraoptic area |
involved in control of
temperature in cold environments, causes
shivering, and also controls sexual
behavior |
|
paraventricular
nucleus |
involved in temperature
regulation of the body (including dilation of
peripheral blood vessels and sweating) |
|
dorsal-medial
nucleus |
monitors the level of
glucose in the blood, and sends messages to the
stomach when this level drops to a certain
point |
|
ventral-medial
nucleus |
involved in water
regulation, and production of ADH |
|
lateral
region |
involved in control and
expression of emotions like rage, fear, and
extreme anxiety |
|
posterior region |
involved in control and
expression of emotions like rage, fear, and
extreme anxiety |
Chapter 6. The
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla, and Reticular
Formation
- Describe the
location, parts, and function of the corpora
quadrigemina.
- What are the
two structures that the red nucleus connects?
- The following
Cranial Nerves originate in the brain stem. Describe
their general functions (what do they control?). In what
part of the brain stem does each originate?
III
Oculomotor
IV
Trochlear
V
Trigeminal
VI
Abducens
VII
Facial
VIII
Auditory
IX
Glossopharyngeal
X Vagus
XI Spinal
Accessory
XII
Hypoglossal
- Why is the
medulla important in speech and swallowing?
- What is the
reticular formation? Where are its nuclei located?
- Name,
describe, and differentiate between the two parts of the
reticular formation (in terms of the functions they
mediate).
Chapter 7. The
Cerebellum
- Name and
discuss the function of the deep nuclei of the
cerebellum. How (specifically) are they regulated?
- Describe, in
detail, the "feedback loop" associated with the
cerebellum. Why is the cerebellum important to speech and
swallowing?
- Name the three
cerebellar peduncles. What structures does each connect
to the cerebellum? Describe the fibers that travel in
each of these, the information they carry, and its
destination.
- How are the
ventrospinocerebellar and dorsospinocerebellar tracts
related to the cerebellum? From where do they bring
information, and on which peduncles do they travel?
- What kinds of
information does the cerebellum receive from the
periphery?
- From where do
the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts bring
information?
- Describe the
cortical input received by the cerebellum. How does this
information get to the cerebellum?
- Why may output
from the cerebellum be considered part of the
extrapyramidal system?
- Describe the
pathway of information that allows the cerebellum to
provide feedback to the motor cortex.
- Discuss the
destination of information carried on each of the
following:
rubrospinal
tract
vestibulospinal
tract
reticulospinal
tract.
- Describe a
problem that is associated with cerebellar
lesions.
Chapter 8. The Spinal
Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous
System
- Describe the
spinal cord, in terms of where it is located, and how it
is protected.
- Describe the
internal composition (cells and neuronal types) of the
spinal cord.
- Describe the
spinal nerves and their function.
- Discuss the
reflex arc that is formed by the spinal nerves and
cord.
- The autonomic
nervous system is made up of two antagonistic components.
Name them and describe their functions.
- Name and
describe the (groups of) nerve cells that make up the
autonomic nervous system.
Chapter 9. The Cranial
Nerves
- Provide a
general description of the cranial nerves. (Consider the
parts of the body they innervate, whether they are
sensory or motor fibers, and whether they are upper motor
neurons or lower motor neurons.)
- Describe the
five cranial nerves that are involved in smell and
vision. Indicate the origin and specific role for each.
- Describe the
cranial nerves involved in speech, hearing, and
swallowing.
- List and
describe the stages of deglutition. Include the time that
is involved in each stage, the names and actions of the
structures that are involved, the specific input from the
cranial nerves at the various stages, and the overall
contribution or control that is exerted.
Chapter 10. Upper Motor
Neuronal Tracts
- Define the
term "upper motor neurons."
- Define the
term "lower motor neurons."
- Describe the
pyramidal tract. Name and describe the two main parts of
the pyramidal tract.
- Differentiate
between the lateral corticospinal tract and the direct
pyramidal tract.
- What is
bilateral innervation? Why is it important (especially to
speech language pathologists)?
- Which cranial
nerves do not receive ipsilateral innervation?
- Discuss the
significance of unilateral lesions affecting the final
common pathway.
- Define the
following terms.
final common
pathway
bulbar
lesions
bulbar
palsy
peripheral
lesions
pseudo-bulbar
palsy
alternating
hemiplegia
- Describe the
corticopontine tract.
- Describe the
function and components of the extrapyramidal tract.
- What
neurotransmitters are involved in the inhibitory function
of the basal ganglia?
- List the
tracts that are considered to be extrapyramidal
projections to lower motor neurons. Describe each in
terms of function and the pathway for the information
that each carries.
- List and
describe the various types of diskinesias that are
associated with lesions of the extrapyramidal
system.
Chapter 11. The Blood
Supply
- Describe the
internal carotid arteries. What parts of the brain does
each of its two branches supply? Describe the problems
that may result when blockages occur in these
arteries.
- What is the
striata? What is its importance?
- List the two
other arteries that arise from the internal carotids.
What do they join?
- Describe the
basilar artery, in terms of which artery(s) it arises
from, and which arteries it forms when it divides. What
other arteries arise from it?
- What parts of
the brain do the posterior cerebral arteries supply? What
kinds of problems may result from blockages to these?
- Describe the
Circle of Willis.
- Define the
terms "collateral circulation" and "ancillary blood
supply." How does collateral circulation occur? Why is it
important? What happens if collateral circulation is
impeded (due to lack of one or more communicating
arteries)?
- List and
describe the extraneural factors that can affect the
blood supply to the brain. Why might they have an effect
on an individual's chance of experiencing a stroke?
- Describe the
blood-brain barrier.
Chapter 12.
Neurochemistry
- List and
describe the parts of a neuron.
- Describe the synaptic process.
- Explain the neuronal types in the pyramidal tract and the final common pathway
- Understand the chemicals involved
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